{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T06:23:44Z","timestamp":1768803824765,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute","award":["202205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202205"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deficient minerals in overabundant populations could act as an attractant to cull sika deer (Cervus nippon). Because selective culling of female deer is reported to be effective in reducing sika deer populations, it is particularly important to clarify the differences in mineral requirements between males and females. Here, using global plant trait data and a published list of sika deer feed plants in Japan, we estimated whether feed plants provide sika deer sufficient sodium (Na), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), and compared the results between males and females. An analysis of 191 feed plant species suggested that feed plants can provide sufficient Mg, whereas sufficient Na and Ca is not always provided, especially when the intake is small or the deer large. Na deficiency was more intense for lactating females than males, suggesting that Na can be an effective attractant for selectively culling female deer. In summary, this study demonstrated that sika deer in Japan might require extra Na and Ca sources in addition to feed plants, and therefore these minerals could be useful for developing effective culling methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13061044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T02:33:36Z","timestamp":1678761216000},"page":"1044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Do Feed Plants Provide Sufficient Sodium, Calcium and Magnesium to Sika Deer in Japan? An Analysis Using Global Plant Trait Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1552-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taiki","family":"Mori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kurokami 4-11-16, Kumamoto 860-0862, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1595-0175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sho","family":"Iwagami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disaster Prevention, Meteorology and Hydrology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, FFPRI, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Yamagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kurokami 4-11-16, Kumamoto 860-0862, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0709-6706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kei K.","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kurokami 4-11-16, Kumamoto 860-0862, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725","article-title":"Ecological impacts of deer overabundance","volume":"35","author":"Rooney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06376.x","article-title":"Ecology and management of white-tailed deer in a changing world","volume":"1249","author":"Mcshea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12221","article-title":"Wild ungulate overabundance in Europe: Contexts, causes, monitoring and management recommendations","volume":"51","author":"Carpio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mamm. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2589","article-title":"The influence of top-down, bottom-up and abiotic factors on the moose (Alces alces) population of Isle Royale","volume":"271","author":"Vucetich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2012.08.016","article-title":"Effects of sodium bicarbonate and calcium magnesium carbonate supplementation on performance of high producing dairy cows","volume":"177","author":"Rauch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.1980.tb00706.x","article-title":"Attraction of Wild Ungulates to Mineral-Rich Springs in Central Canada","volume":"3","author":"Fraser","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"99","article-title":"The importance of salt licks and other sources of sodium in the ecology of the Ussuri moose (Alces alces cameloides)","volume":"38","author":"Panichev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alces J. Devoted Biol. Manag. Moose"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-006-0313-4","article-title":"Importance of natural licks for the mammals in Bornean inland tropical rain forests","volume":"22","author":"Matsubayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.1995.tb00122.x","article-title":"Elemental analysis of mineral lick soils from the Serengeti National Park, the Konza Prairie and Yellowstone National Park","volume":"18","author":"Tracy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467498000595","article-title":"Geophagy by large mammals at natural licks in the rain forest of the Dzanga National Park, Central African Republic","volume":"14","author":"Klaus","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Trop. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1644\/06-MAMM-A-055R1.1","article-title":"Chemical composition of lick soils: Functions of soil ingestion by four ungulate species","volume":"87","author":"Ayotte","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1139\/z81-271","article-title":"Activity of Moose and White-Tailed Deer at Mineral Springs","volume":"59","author":"Fraser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2013.10.008","article-title":"Why do cervids feed on aquatic vegetation?","volume":"103","author":"Ceacero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Processes"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceacero, F., Landete-Castillejos, T., Olgu\u00edn, A., Miranda, M., Garc\u00eda, A., Mart\u00ednez, A., Cassinello, J., Miguel, V., and Gallego, L. (2015). Avoiding toxic levels of essential minerals: A forgotten factor in deer diet preferences. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115814"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2010.11.001","article-title":"Sexual difference in seasonal patterns of salt lick use by south China sika deer Cervus nippon","volume":"76","author":"Ping","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mamm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suttle, N.F. (2010). Mineral Nutrition of Livestock, CABI. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845934729.0000"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"NRC, N.R.C. (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants, National Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinotti, L., Manoni, M., Ferrari, L., Tretola, M., Cazzola, R., and Givens, I. (2021). Human Nutrition. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020509"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Jones, R.L., and Hanson, H.C. (1985). Mineral Licks, Geophagy, and Biogeochemistry of North American Ungulates, The Iowa State University Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCullough, D., Takatsuki, S., and Kaji, K. (2009). Sika Deer: Biology and Management of Native and Introduced Populations, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-09429-6"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2907.1998.00031.x","article-title":"Impact of deer in lowland Britain on agriculture, forestry and conservation habitats","volume":"28","author":"Putman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mamm. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2009.02.011","article-title":"Effects of sika deer on vegetation in Japan: A review","volume":"142","author":"Takatsuki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Ministry of the Environment (2023, March 10). Estimation of Sika Deer Population in Japan, Available online: http:\/\/www.env.go.jp\/press\/100922.html."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"35","article-title":"Dear and minerals","volume":"39","author":"Yasuda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Wildl. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01274.x","article-title":"Culling Versus Density Effects in Management of a Deer Population","volume":"74","author":"Ueno","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, K., Kuwano, Y., and Yasuda, M. (2022). A 17 year study of the response of populations to different patterns in antlerless proportion of imposed culls: Antlerless culling reduces overabundant deer population. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11111607"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14904","article-title":"TRY plant trait database\u2014Enhanced coverage and open access","volume":"26","author":"Kattge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"133","article-title":"List of food plants and unpalatable plants of sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Japan Yoshinobu","volume":"25","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Nat."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.2012.01465.x","article-title":"Carbon isotopes of water-extractable organic carbon in a depth profile of forest soil imply a dynamic relationship with soil carbon","volume":"63","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02078.x","article-title":"Evolutionary control of leaf element composition in plants: Rapid report","volume":"174","author":"Watanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.02054.x","article-title":"Faster returns on \u201cleaf economics\u201d and different biogeochemical niche in invasive compared with native plant species","volume":"16","author":"Penuelas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/jvs.12534","article-title":"Drivers of intraspecific trait variation of grass and forb species in German meadows and pastures","volume":"28","author":"Herz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1600381","article-title":"The evolution of aluminum accumulation in ferns and lycophytes","volume":"104","author":"Schmitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"27","article-title":"Seasonal alteration of hay intake in the Yeso sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis)","volume":"40","author":"Souma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hokushinetsu J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"5","article-title":"Over-winter foraging activities of supplementally fed free-ranging Sika deer (Cervus nippon)","volume":"13","author":"Yamane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Kanagawa Prefect. Nat. Environ. Conserv. Cent."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"69","article-title":"The effect of seasonal transformation on feed intake in Sika deer Tetsuo","volume":"7","author":"Tamura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Tokyo Metrop. Agric. For. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"91","article-title":"Mineral analysis of meat, milk and velvet of Japanese deer","volume":"43","author":"Ishida","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sci. Rep. Miyagi Agric. Coll."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"121","article-title":"A trial creating artificial salt lick in forest","volume":"73","author":"Yasuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kyushu J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Kitahara, R., Komatsu, T., and Masuko, T. (Rep. Pro Nat. Fund, 2005). Effects of mineral requirements on food selection by sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis), Rep. Pro Nat. Fund, Subsidy achievement report."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"77","article-title":"Soil Licking Phenomenon of Wild Sika Deer (Cervus nippon). Around the origin of Gohukuji river at Matsumoto City","volume":"74","author":"Tsujii","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hokuriku J. Zootech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Miyazaki, M., and Kohara, M. (2017). Mori No Tantei, Aki Shobo."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22251","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.22251","article-title":"Spatially biased reduction of browsing damage by sika deer through culling","volume":"86","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"145","article-title":"Examination of useful bait to attract sika deer","volume":"56","author":"Iijima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mamm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"13","article-title":"Comparison of the attractiveness of five baits in sika deer (Cervus nippon) and wild boar (Sus scrofa)","volume":"6","author":"Ikeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wildl. Hum. Soc."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/6\/1044\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:54:08Z","timestamp":1760122448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/6\/1044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13061044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13061044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]}}}