{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:46:10Z","timestamp":1790646370968,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21"]}]},{"name":"National Recovery Fund budget estimate","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}]},{"name":"National Recovery Fund budget estimate","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The H9N2 subtype of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) is a widespread pathogen of poultry that can also infect humans. The characterization of viral infections is a complex process, involving clinical, pathological, and virological investigations. The aim of this study was to adapt and optimize an immunohistochemical (IHC) technique developed for LPAIVs specifically for the detection of H9N2 virus antigens in infected tissues. Twenty-one-day-old broiler chickens were inoculated with three different strains of H9N2 virus by different infection routes (i.e., intranasal-intratracheal and intravenous) or co-infected with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and observed for 11 days post infection. The suggested IHC protocol was modified: (i) DAB (diamino-benzidine) was substituted with AEC (3-amino-9-ethyl carbazole) as chromogen; and (ii) indirect two-step immune reactions of monoclonal primary and peroxidase-labeled anti-mouse secondary antibodies were used instead of avidin\u2013biotin complexes. Avian influenza virus antigen appears as a red precipitate in the nuclei of affected cells but can also be identified in the cytoplasm. Mild hyperemia and congestion were observed in the trachea, air sac, and lungs of the challenged birds, and fibrinous exudate was found at the bifurcation in a few cases. Neither gross pathological nor IHC lesions were found in the control group. Using the optimized protocol and an associated scoring scheme, it was demonstrated that the H9N2 strains tested exhibited respiratory and urinary tract tropism irrespective of the route of inoculation. On day 5, viral antigen was detected in the respiratory tract and kidney in 30\u201350% of the samples. On day 11, no IHC signal was observed, indicating the lack of viral replication. Slight differences in viral antigen expression were found between the different H9N2 virus strains, but, in contrast to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), no viral antigen was detected in the brain and pancreas. Thus, IHC can be considered as an informative, visual addition to the toolkit for the characterization of H9N2 LPAIV infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13061052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T04:39:45Z","timestamp":1678855185000},"page":"1052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Tissue Tropism of H9N2 Low-Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Broiler Chickens by Immunohistochemistry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"M\u00e1rta","family":"B\u00f3na","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n utca 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7839-4415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva-Phylaxia Co. Ltd., Sz\u00e1ll\u00e1s utca 5., 1107 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0069-4914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilla","family":"D\u00e9nes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n utca 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1634-6730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Szilasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n utca 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00edra","family":"M\u00e1ndoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n utca 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health (2022). 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