{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T20:21:51Z","timestamp":1787602911941,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"COMET-Project D4Dairy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["872039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["872039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to develop a tool to detect mildly lame cows by combining already existing data from sensors, AMSs, and routinely recorded animal and farm data. For this purpose, ten dairy farms were visited every 30\u201342 days from January 2020 to May 2021. Locomotion scores (LCS, from one for nonlame to five for severely lame) and body condition scores (BCS) were assessed at each visit, resulting in a total of 594 recorded animals. A questionnaire about farm management and husbandry was completed for the inclusion of potential risk factors. A lameness incidence risk (LCS \u2265 2) was calculated and varied widely between farms with a range from 27.07 to 65.52%. Moreover, the impact of lameness on the derived sensor parameters was inspected and showed no significant impact of lameness on total rumination time. Behavioral patterns for eating, low activity, and medium activity differed significantly in lame cows compared to nonlame cows. Finally, random forest models for lameness detection were fit by including different combinations of influencing variables. The results of these models were compared according to accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The best performing model achieved an accuracy of 0.75 with a sensitivity of 0.72 and specificity of 0.78. These approaches with routinely available data and sensor data can deliver promising results for early lameness detection in dairy cattle. While experimental automated lameness detection systems have achieved improved predictive results, the benefit of this presented approach is that it uses results from existing, routinely recorded, and therefore widely available data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T06:15:15Z","timestamp":1679984115000},"page":"1180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Combined Use of Automated Milking System and Sensor Data to Improve Detection of Mild Lameness in Dairy Cattle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lena","family":"Lemmens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9592-4040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Schodl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Institute of Livestock Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4336-5830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgit","family":"Fuerst-Waltl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Institute of Livestock Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermann","family":"Schwarzenbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZuchtData EDV-Dienstleistungen GmbH, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Egger-Danner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZuchtData EDV-Dienstleistungen GmbH, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Linke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZuchtData EDV-Dienstleistungen GmbH, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Suntinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZuchtData EDV-Dienstleistungen GmbH, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Phelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health, D18X5K7 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Mayerhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZuchtData EDV-Dienstleistungen GmbH, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3400-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz","family":"Steininger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZuchtData EDV-Dienstleistungen GmbH, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8559-5928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz","family":"Papst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Informatics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Austria and Complexity Science Hub Vienna, 1080 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenz","family":"Maurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Institute of Livestock Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9664-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann","family":"Kofler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2018.00031","article-title":"Novel Monitoring Systems to Obtain Dairy Cattle Phenotypes Associated With Sustainable Production","volume":"2","author":"Bell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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