{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T20:28:32Z","timestamp":1791750512952,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Evonik Operations GmbH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Data from non-ruminants indicate that amino acid (AA) transport into cells can regulate mTOR pathway activity and protein synthesis. Whether mTOR is expressed in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and how it may be related to AA transporters and the AA concentrations in the tissue is unknown. Ruminal papillae and the epithelia of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum collected at slaughter from eight clinically healthy Holstein in mid-lactation were used. Metabolites and RNA were extracted from tissue for liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry and RT-qPCR analysis. The glycine and asparagine concentrations in the rumen were greater than those in the intestine (p &lt; 0.05), but the concentrations of other AAs were greater in the small intestine than those in the rumen. Among the 20 AAs identified, the concentrations of glutamate, alanine, and glycine were the greatest. The mRNA abundances of AKT1 and MTOR were greater in the small intestine than those in the rumen (p &lt; 0.05). Similarly, the SLC1A1, SLC6A6, SLC7A8, SLC38A1, SLC38A7, and SLC43A2 mRNA abundances were greater (p &lt; 0.05) in the small intestine than those in the rumen. The mRNA abundances of SLC1A5, SLC3A2, and SLC7A5 were greater in the rumen than those in the small intestine (p &lt; 0.05). Overall, the present study provides fundamental data on the relationship between mTOR pathway components and the transport of AAs in different sections of the gastrointestinal tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T02:03:53Z","timestamp":1680055433000},"page":"1189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Abundance of Amino Acid Transporters and mTOR Pathway Components in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Lactating Holstein Cows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9522-4856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle N.","family":"Sherlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2835-2975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessie","family":"Guyader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, 63457 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1586-4365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan J.","family":"Loor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32125","article-title":"Deletion at the SLC1A1 glutamate transporter gene co-segregates with schizophrenia and bipolar schizoaffective disorder in a 5-generation family","volume":"162","author":"Tiobech","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2018.00096","article-title":"The Human SLC1A5 (ASCT2) Amino Acid Transporter: From Function to Structure and Role in Cell Biology","volume":"6","author":"Scalise","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.0206","article-title":"Human LAT1, a Subunit of System L Amino Acid Transporter: Molecular Cloning and Transport Function","volume":"255","author":"Prasad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4403","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15738","article-title":"Methionine supply during the periparturient period enhances insulin signaling, amino acid transporters, and mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway proteins in adipose tissue of Holstein cows","volume":"102","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10459","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18612","article-title":"Molecular networks of insulin signaling and amino acid metabolism in subcutaneous adipose tissue are altered by body condition in periparturient Holstein cows","volume":"103","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.251876","article-title":"Placentome Nutrient Transporters and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Proteins Are Altered by the Methionine Supply during Late Gestation in Dairy Cows and Are Associated with Newborn Birth Weight","volume":"147","author":"Batistel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16631","article-title":"Methionine and arginine supplementation alter inflammatory and oxidative stress responses during lipopolysaccharide challenge in bovine mammary epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"103","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.12.001","article-title":"Dietary N-carbamylglutamate or L-arginine improves fetal intestinal amino acid profiles during intrauterine growth restriction in undernourished ewes","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.8.1249","article-title":"Intestinal Mucosal Amino Acid Catabolism","volume":"128","author":"Wu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00024.2006","article-title":"The mTOR pathway in the control of protein synthesis","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25819","DOI":"10.4161\/trla.25819","article-title":"4E-BP restrains eIF4E phosphorylation","volume":"1","author":"Muller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Translation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabb8771","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb8771","article-title":"TRIBE editing reveals specific mRNA targets of eIF4E-BP in Drosophila and in mammals","volume":"6","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(01)80003-4","article-title":"Cap-dependent translation initiation in eukaryotes is regulated by a molecular mimic of elF4G","volume":"3","author":"Marcotrigiano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20110892","article-title":"Regulation and function of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) within mTOR signalling networks","volume":"441","author":"Magnuson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13062","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1157","article-title":"Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 differentially affects mRNA translation based on ORF length","volume":"49","author":"Bohlen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9402","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13229","article-title":"Characterizing effects of feed restriction and glucagon-like peptide 2 administration on biomarkers of inflammation and intestinal morphology","volume":"100","author":"Kvidera","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16798","article-title":"Hepatic one-carbon metabolism enzyme activities and intermediate metabolites are altered by prepartum body condition score and plane of nutrition in grazing Holstein dairy cows","volume":"103","author":"Crookenden","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5530","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15687","article-title":"Glutathione metabolism and nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2)-related proteins in adipose tissue are altered by supply of ethyl-cellulose rumen-protected methionine in peripartal Holstein cows","volume":"102","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Q., Coleman, D.N., Zhang, H., Guyader, J., Pan, Y.X., and Loor, J.J. (2023). One-carbon metabolism and related pathways in ruminal and small intestinal epithelium of lactating dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci.","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad062"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02379H","article-title":"Supply of methionine and arginine alters phosphorylation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), circadian clock proteins, and \u03b1-s1-casein abundance in bovine mammary epithelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, R., Sodhi, M., Sharma, A., Sharma, V.L., Verma, P., Swami, S.K., Kumari, P., and Mukesh, M. (2018). Selection of suitable reference genes for normalization of quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) expression data across twelve tissues of riverine buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191558"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-4959(03)00290-2","article-title":"Cloning of bovine peroxiredoxins-gene expression in bovine tissues and amino acid sequence comparison with rat, mouse and primate peroxiredoxins","volume":"136","author":"Leyens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6072","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4864","article-title":"Short communication: Grain-induced subacute ruminal acidosis is associated with the differential expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in rumen papillae of lactating dairy cattle","volume":"95","author":"Steele","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-0929.2012.01038.x","article-title":"Fatty acid-binding protein expression in the gastrointestinal tract of calves and cows","volume":"84","author":"Hayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4230","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73568-7","article-title":"Real-time PCR quantification of bovine lactase mRNA: Localization in the gastrointestinal tract of milk-fed calves","volume":"87","author":"Ontsouka","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/18.1.207","article-title":"Genesis: Cluster analysis of microarray data","volume":"18","author":"Sturn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-010-0502-x","article-title":"Nutrition and health relevant regulation of intestinal sulfur amino acid metabolism","volume":"39","author":"Fang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-008-0152-4","article-title":"Amino acids and gut function","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31917","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31917","article-title":"Energy metabolism in intestinal epithelial cells during maturation along the crypt-villus axis","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.suppl_4.1326S","article-title":"Ruminal microbial metabolism of peptides and amino acids","volume":"126","author":"Wallace","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1877-1823(09)70012-8","article-title":"Amino acid metabolism in the small intestine: Biochemical bases and nutritional significance","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Grow. Anim."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"2097","article-title":"Effect of experimentally increased protein supply to postpartum dairy cows on plasma protein synthesis, rumen tissue proliferation, and immune homeostasis","volume":"95","author":"Larsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1390","article-title":"The methionine requirement is lower in neonatal piglets fed parenterally than in those fed enterally","volume":"133","author":"Shoveller","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4215","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.12.4215","article-title":"Dietary cysteine reduces the methionine requirement by an equal proportion in both parenterally and enterally fed piglets","volume":"133","author":"Shoveller","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509992169","article-title":"Effects of dl-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyrate on the first-pass intestinal metabolism of dietary methionine and its extra-intestinal availability","volume":"103","author":"Fang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00425.2004","article-title":"Functional organization of the bovine rumen epithelium","volume":"288","author":"Graham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.\u2014Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25286","article-title":"Cysteine Prevents the Reduction in Keratin Synthesis Induced by Iron Deficiency in Human Keratinocytes","volume":"117","author":"Miniaci","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978s","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.4.978S","article-title":"Intestinal glutamate metabolism","volume":"130","author":"Reeds","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-45328-2_1","article-title":"Amino Acids in Intestinal Physiology and Health","volume":"1265","author":"Beaumont","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.103226","article-title":"Glutamate Is the Major Anaplerotic Substrate in the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle of Isolated Rumen Epithelial and Duodenal Mucosal Cells from Beef Cattle","volume":"139","author":"Baldwin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"E36","article-title":"Quantitative role of splanchnic region in leucine metabolism: L-[1-13C,15N]leucine and substrate balance studies","volume":"259","author":"Yu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.3.606","article-title":"Catabolism dominates the first-pass intestinal metabolism of dietary essential amino acids in milk protein-fed piglets","volume":"128","author":"Stoll","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19970210","article-title":"Glucose and [13C]leucine metabolism by the portal-drained viscera of sheep fed on dried grass with acute intravenous and intraduodenal infusions of glucose","volume":"78","author":"Cappelli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09196.x","article-title":"Expression of Nuclear Genes Encoding the Urea Cycle Enzymes, Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthetase-I and Ornithine Carbamoyl Transferase, in Rat-Liver and Intestinal-Mucosa","volume":"152","author":"Ryall","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607190014002183","article-title":"The taurine content of common foodstuffs","volume":"14","author":"Laidlaw","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32002","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.253344","article-title":"Taurine Biosynthesis by Neurons and Astrocytes","volume":"286","author":"Vitvitsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tochitani, S. (2022). Taurine: A Maternally Derived Nutrient Linking Mother and Offspring. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12030228"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01101-1","article-title":"microbial transformations of human bile acids","volume":"9","author":"Guzior","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Post, A., Tsikas, D., and Bakker, S.J.L. (2019). Creatine is a Conditionally Essential Nutrient in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Hypothesis and Narrative Literature Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051044"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-0853-y","article-title":"The metabolic burden of creatine synthesis","volume":"40","author":"Brosnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-013-1493-1","article-title":"Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: Implications for nutrition and health","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1273","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1621400114","article-title":"Creatine maintains intestinal homeostasis and protects against colitis","volume":"114","author":"Turer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.2527\/1990.6892997x","article-title":"Energy cost of absorption and metabolism in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract and liver: A review","volume":"68","author":"McBride","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1038\/371762a0","article-title":"Insulin-dependent stimulation of protein synthesis by phosphorylation of a regulator of 5\u2019-cap function","volume":"371","author":"Pause","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.995802","article-title":"Mammalian cell size is controlled by mTOR and its downstream targets S6K1 and 4EBP1\/eIF4E","volume":"16","author":"Fingar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2017.10.006","article-title":"Regulation of FOXO Factors in Mammalian Cells","volume":"127","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00059-12","article-title":"The Unexpected Roles of Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factors in RNA Virus Replication and Pathogenesis","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03164","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.03164","article-title":"The translation elongation factor eEF1A1 couples transcription to translation during heat shock response","volume":"3","author":"Vera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-012-1444-2","article-title":"Dietary requirements of \u201cnutritionally non-essential amino acids\u201d by animals and humans","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2011.05.009","article-title":"Regulation of protein turnover by L-glutamine in porcine intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"23","author":"Xi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2022.01.002","article-title":"Gut barrier disruption and chronic disease","volume":"33","author":"Martel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1984.581244x","article-title":"Protein degradation in the rumen and amino acid absorption in the small intestine of lactating dairy cattle fed various protein sources","volume":"58","author":"Santos","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2016.02.007","article-title":"Physiology of Intestinal Absorption and Secretion","volume":"30","author":"Kiela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/360467a0","article-title":"Primary Structure and Functional-Characterization of a High-Affinity Glutamate Transporter","volume":"360","author":"Kanai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI44474","article-title":"Loss-of-function mutations in the glutamate transporter SLC1A1 cause human dicarboxylic aminoaciduria","volume":"121","author":"Bailey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.03.109","article-title":"Regulation of the glutamate transporter EAAT3 by mammalian target of rapamycin mTOR","volume":"421","author":"Almilaji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dado-Senn, B., Skibiel, A.L., Dahl, G.E., Arriola Apelo, S.I., and Laporta, J. (2021). Dry Period Heat Stress Impacts Mammary Protein Metabolism in the Subsequent Lactation. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092676"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.164228","article-title":"Taurine uptake across the human intestinal brush-border membrane is via two transporters: H+-coupled PAT1 (SLC36A1) and Na+- and Cl\u2212-dependent TauT (SLC6A6)","volume":"587","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Physiol.-Lond."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19745","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.28.19745","article-title":"Identification and functional characterization of a Na+-independent neutral amino acid transporter with broad substrate selectivity","volume":"274","author":"Segawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1521","article-title":"Ruminal and abomasal starch hydrolysate infusions selectively decrease the expression of cationic amino acid transporter mRNA by small intestinal epithelia of forage-fed beef steers","volume":"92","author":"Liao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24137","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M009003200","article-title":"Characterization of an N-system amino acid transporter expressed in retina and its involvement in glutamine transport","volume":"276","author":"Gu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3061","article-title":"Cloning and functional expression of ATA1, a subtype of amino acid transporter A, from human placenta","volume":"273","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0582-4","article-title":"Inhibition of the glutamine transporter SNAT1 confers neuroprotection in mice by modulating the mTOR-autophagy system","volume":"2","author":"Yamada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2014.10.016","article-title":"Transport of L-Glutamine, L-Alanine, L-Arginine and L-Histidine by the Neuron-Specific Slc38a8 (SNAT8) in CNS","volume":"427","author":"Hagglund","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.283960","article-title":"Essential amino acid transporter Lat4 (Slc43a2) is required for mouse development","volume":"593","author":"Guetg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol.-Lond."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-013-1393-y","article-title":"The SLC38 family of sodium-amino acid co-transporters","volume":"466","author":"Bror","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch.-Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1400299","article-title":"Duodenum has the greatest potential to absorb soluble non-ammonia nitrogen in the nonmesenteric gastrointestinal tissues of dairy cows","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2018.00243","article-title":"The Human SLC7A5 (LAT1): The Intriguing Histidine\/Large Neutral Amino Acid Transporter and Its Relevance to Human Health","volume":"6","author":"Scalise","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2019.1639302","article-title":"SLC3A2\/CD98hc, autophagy and tumor radioresistance: A link confirmed","volume":"15","author":"Digomann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaa186","article-title":"The amino acid transporter SLC7A5 regulates the mTOR pathway and is required for granule cell development","volume":"29","author":"Sokolov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18657","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.31.18657","article-title":"Cloning of the sodium-dependent, broad-scope, neutral amino acid transporter B-O from a human placental choriocarcinoma cell line","volume":"271","author":"Kekuda","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-020-00789-5","article-title":"Cystine transporter SLC7A11\/xCT in cancer: Ferroptosis, nutrient dependency, and cancer therapy","volume":"12","author":"Koppula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257132","article-title":"Metabolism. Lysosomal amino acid transporter SLC38A9 signals arginine sufficiency to mTORC1","volume":"347","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1091143","article-title":"SLC38A9: A lysosomal amino acid transporter at the core of the amino acid-sensing machinery that controls MTORC1","volume":"12","author":"Rebsamen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00125-15","article-title":"Amino Acid-Dependent mTORC1 Regulation by the Lysosomal Membrane Protein SLC38A9","volume":"35","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.08.011","article-title":"The Histidine Transporter SLC15A4 Coordinates mTOR-Dependent Inflammatory Responses and Pathogenic Antibody Production","volume":"41","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7206","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.121183498","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a lysosomal transporter for small neutral amino acids","volume":"98","author":"Sagne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4068","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.177","article-title":"Proton-assisted amino-acid transporters are conserved regulators of proliferation and amino-acid-dependent mTORC1 activation","volume":"29","author":"Heublein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz016","article-title":"N-Carbamylglutamate and l-Arginine Promote Intestinal Absorption of Amino Acids by Regulating the mTOR Signaling Pathway and Amino Acid and Peptide Transporters in Suckling Lambs with Intrauterine Growth Restriction","volume":"149","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/7\/1189\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:05:36Z","timestamp":1760123136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/7\/1189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13071189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13071189","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]}}}