{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:02:53Z","timestamp":1760148173093,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Principality of Asturias","award":["GRUPIN: IDI-2021-000102","LE036-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRUPIN: IDI-2021-000102","LE036-20"]}]},{"name":"EU-NextGenerationEU","award":["GRUPIN: IDI-2021-000102","LE036-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRUPIN: IDI-2021-000102","LE036-20"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n and FSE","award":["GRUPIN: IDI-2021-000102","LE036-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRUPIN: IDI-2021-000102","LE036-20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Cantabrian capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus cantabricus) is one of the most severely threatened subspecies of capercaillie. Its current population range is restricted to a small area of the Cantabrian Mountains (northwestern Spain), with only around 200 individuals remaining. As part of the national strategy for the conservation of the subspecies, the Cantabrian capercaillie Captive Breeding Center of Sobrescobio opened in 2009. Here, we use the information provided by the necropsies performed in this facility on 29 individuals (11 males, 13 females and 5 undetermined; 16 chicks and 13 adults) in order to describe the main mortality causes of captive-bred Cantabrian capercaillies. After necropsy, tissue samples were taken for evaluation using standard methods in histology and microbiology. The majority of the captive animals (18\/29, 62.07%) died due to infectious diseases, mainly due to Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, or Aspergillus fumigatus infection. The remaining 11 animals died due to stress-related processes (i.e., rupture of the heart apex and cardiomyopathy or neurogenic shock) (8\/29, 27.59%), duodenal obstruction and coelomitis (1\/29, 3.45%), perforation of the proventriculus and heart with a briar branch (1\/29, 3.45%) or euthanasia due to a valgus leg deformity that prevented proper animal welfare (1\/29, 3.45%). Young animals (i.e., younger than 2 months) died mainly due to infectious diseases (14\/16, 87.5%), while stress-related causes were responsible for most adult deaths (7\/13, 53.85%). We additionally report that two free-ranging adult males died due to exertional myopathy. This study provides relevant information for reducing mortality in captive capercaillies and improving both living conditions in captivity and the adaptation of these animals to the wild.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T05:42:44Z","timestamp":1680673364000},"page":"1255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mortality Causes in Captive Cantabrian capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus cantabricus) in Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9776-8037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2268-8163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Herrero-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8685-5071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Gracia","family":"de Garnica Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Micros Veterinaria, S.L., C\/Profesor Pedro C\u00e1rmenes, Campus de Veganzana, 24007 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Garc\u00eda Esgueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Balsera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Fomento, Ordenaci\u00f3n del Territorio y Medio Ambiente, 33007 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Oleaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociedad de Servicios del Principado de Asturias S.A. (SERPA), La Laboral, 33203 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociedad de Servicios del Principado de Asturias S.A. (SERPA), La Laboral, 33203 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7741-3378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Amado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Medio Rural y Cohesi\u00f3n Territorial, 33299 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5939-3000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Jos\u00e9","family":"Royo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Funcional, Gen\u00e9tica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7786-6561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Garc\u00eda Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5121-7264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Balseiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Convention on Biological Diversity (1992). 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