{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:09:53Z","timestamp":1791421793892,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":213,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) is a term that has been used since 1999, initially being used to describe all gastric mucosal disease in horses. Since this time, the identification of two distinct main disease entities of the equine gastric mucosa have been described under the umbrella of EGUS; these are Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD) and Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD). In 2015 the European College of Equine Internal Medicine (ECEIM) released a consensus statement defining these disease entities. This document highlighted the lack of evidence surrounding EGGD compared to ESGD, and identified knowledge gaps for further research to be directed. Subsequently, many studies on EGGD have been published, especially on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. This article updates current knowledge on both ESGD and EGGD as understanding has evolved since the last large-scale review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T01:10:27Z","timestamp":1680743427000},"page":"1261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome: An Update on Current Knowledge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0575-4787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Vokes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Lovett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Sykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13578","article-title":"European College of Equine Internal Medicine Con-sensus Statement-Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Adult Horses","volume":"29","author":"Sykes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13597","article-title":"Equine squamous gastric disease and delayed gastric emptying\u2014The chicken or the egg?","volume":"34","author":"Hewetson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05164.x","article-title":"Role of duodenal reflux in nonglandular gastric ulcer disease of the mature horse","volume":"29","author":"Berschneider","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13157","article-title":"Chronic severe pyloric lesions in horses: 47 cases","volume":"52","author":"Bezdekova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12688","article-title":"Preliminary investigations into a novel, long\u2013acting, injectable, intramuscular formulation of omeprazole in the horse","volume":"49","author":"Sykes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-017-0284-1","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of blood sucrose as a screening test for equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in adult horses","volume":"59","author":"Hewetson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20160201","article-title":"Mucosal lesions in the pyloric area\u2014Retrospective study on 315 equine patients (2004\u20132013)","volume":"32","author":"Ehlers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12949","article-title":"Risk factors for equine glandular and squamous gastric disease in show jumping Warmbloods","volume":"50","author":"Pedersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"403","article-title":"Prevalence, anatomical distribution and risk factors associated with equine gastric ulceration syndrome in American Quarter Horses","volume":"35","author":"Gehlen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"69","article-title":"Equine glandular gastric disease: Prevalence, impact and management strategies","volume":"10","author":"Banse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"381","article-title":"Equine Squamous Gastric Disease: Prevalence, Impact and Management","volume":"12","author":"Hewetson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3920\/CEP12009","article-title":"Prevalence of gastric ulcers and relationship to other parameters in Standardbred racehorses","volume":"8","author":"Cate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp. Exerc. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00129.x","article-title":"Prevalence of gastric ulcer syndrome in high-level endurance horses","volume":"43","author":"Tamzali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2746\/042516406776866390","article-title":"Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training","volume":"38","author":"Jonsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2003.09.005","article-title":"Prevalence of gastric ulcers in endurance horses\u2014A preliminary report","volume":"167","author":"Nieto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2003.tb11469.x","article-title":"The prevalence and distribution of gastric ulceration in 345 racehorses","volume":"81","author":"Begg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1986.tb03629.x","article-title":"Gastric ulceration in mature Thoroughbred horses","volume":"18","author":"Hammond","year":"1986","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X441910","article-title":"The prevalence and anatomical distribution of equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) in 201 horses in Denmark","volume":"41","author":"Luthersson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02755.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Ulcers of the Squamous Gastric Mucosa in Standardbred Horses","volume":"19","author":"Roy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Shan, R., Steel, C., and Sykes, B. (October, January 20). The Effects of two Different Withholding Periods of Omeprazole on the Recurrence of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Thoroughbred Racehorses. Proceedings of the European College of Veterinary Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Scientific Meeting, Pula, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.21247","article-title":"Prevalence and treatment of gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred racehorses of Korea","volume":"23","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2006.03.001","article-title":"Prevalence of non-glandular gastric ulcers in horses involved in a university riding program","volume":"26","author":"Chameroy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.10.002","article-title":"Behaviour and stress responses in horses with gastric ulceration","volume":"142","author":"Malmkvist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.03.020","article-title":"Prevalence of gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred broodmares in pasture: A preliminary report","volume":"181","author":"Nieto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12747","article-title":"Equine gastric ulcer syndrome in adult donkeys: Investigation on prevalence, anatomical distribution, and severity","volume":"30","author":"Sgorbini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12491","article-title":"A comparison of the prevalence of gastric ulceration in feral and domesticated horses in the UK","volume":"27","author":"Ward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1638\/2016-0249.1","article-title":"Description of gastric ulcers and of their suspected, associated risk factors in deceased wild equids at the Reserve Africaine de Sigean, France (2010\u20132016)","volume":"48","author":"Lamglait","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15350","article-title":"Management factors and clinical implications of glandular and squamous gastric disease in horses","volume":"33","author":"Sykes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12287","article-title":"A comparison of three doses of omeprazole in the treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome: A blinded, randomised, dose-response clinical trial","volume":"47","author":"Sykes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"880","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for equine glandular and squamous gastric disease in polo horses","volume":"59","author":"Banse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4067\/S0301-732X2012000200013","article-title":"Presence of gastric ulcer syndrome in equine from the military police","volume":"44","author":"Aranzales","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busechian, S., Sgorbini, M., Orvieto, S., Pisello, L., Zappulla, F., Briganti, A., Nocera, I., Conte, G., and Rueca, F. (2021). Evaluation of a questionnaire to detect the risk of developing ESGD or EGGD in horses. Prev. Vet. Med., 188.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105285"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/bjaed\/mkv034","article-title":"Statistical analysis: Sample size and power estimations","volume":"16","author":"Columb","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJA Educ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2746\/042516400777612044","article-title":"Postmortem findings of gastric ulcers in Swedish horses older than age one year: A retrospective study of 3715 horses (1924\u20131996)","volume":"32","author":"Sandin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Hepburn, R. (2014, January 7\u201310). Endoscopic examination of the squamous and glandular gastric mucosa in sport and leisure horses: 684 horses (2005\u20132011). Proceedings of the 11th International Equine Colic Research Symposium, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14370","article-title":"Risk Factors for Equine Gastric Glandular Disease: A Case\u2013Control Study in a Finnish Referral Hospital Population","volume":"30","author":"Hewetson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"395","article-title":"Germany-wide multicentre study on the etiology of gastric mucosal lesions in horses","volume":"37","author":"Gehlen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2009.05.005","article-title":"Prevalence of Gastric Ulcerations in Horses with Colic","volume":"29","author":"Rabuffo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05166.x","article-title":"Cross-sectional study of gastric ulcers of the squamous mucosa in thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"29","author":"Vatistas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Lester, G., Robertson, I., and Secombe, C. (2007, January 1\u20135). Risk factors for gastric ulceration in Thoroughbred racehorses. Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.17533\/udea.rccp.v31n2a07","article-title":"Equine gastric ulcerative syndrome in Antioquia (Colombia): Frequency and risk factors","volume":"31","author":"Zuluaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Pecu."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02437.x","article-title":"Gastric Ulcers in Standardbred Racehorses: Prevalence, Lesion Description, and Risk Factors","volume":"17","author":"Dionne","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.151.22.658","article-title":"Study of crib-biting and gastric inflammation and ulceration in young horses","volume":"151","author":"Nicol","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2020.10.005","article-title":"Ethological, endocrinological, and gastroscopic evaluation of crib-biting Colombian creole horses","volume":"40","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13113","article-title":"Continuous fluid infusion per rectum compared with intravenous and nasogastric fluid administration in horses","volume":"51","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.06.0263","article-title":"Effect of moving from being extensively managed out in pasture into training on the incidence of equine gastric ulcer syndrome in Icelandic horses","volume":"260","author":"Luthersson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2007.36729","article-title":"The prevalence of gastric ulceration in racehorses in New Zealand","volume":"55","author":"Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2746\/042516405775314880","article-title":"Effect of repeated oral administration of hypertonic electrolyte solution on equine gastric mucosa","volume":"37","author":"Holbrook","year":"2005","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20150607","article-title":"Effects of feeding different roughage-based diets on gastric mucosa after weaning in Warmblood foals","volume":"31","author":"Fedtke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.18-0679","article-title":"Serum protein expression in equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) induced by phenylbutazone","volume":"81","author":"Tesena","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1989.tb05659.x","article-title":"Gastric ulcers in horses: A comparison of endoscopic findings in horses with and without clinical signs","volume":"21","author":"Murray","year":"1989","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05165.x","article-title":"Clinical syndromes of gastric ulceration in foals and mature horses","volume":"31","author":"Andrews","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.201.01.117","article-title":"Gastric ulceration in horses: 91 cases (1987\u20131990)","volume":"201","author":"Murray","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2746\/042516406777749164","article-title":"Prevalence of gastric squamous ulceration in horses with abdominal pain","volume":"38","author":"Dukti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2009.04.013","article-title":"New Perspectives in Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Videla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.728","article-title":"Evaluation of the treatment of equine glandular gastric disease with either long-acting\u2013injectable or oral omeprazole","volume":"8","author":"Gough","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.220","article-title":"A study investigating the treatment of equine squamous gastric disease with long-acting injectable or oral omeprazole","volume":"6","author":"Gough","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2754\/avb200877040603","article-title":"Gastric ulceration, appetite and feeding practices in Standardbred racehorses in the Czech Republic","volume":"77","author":"Jahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.08.1130","article-title":"Prevalence of gastric ulcers in show horses","volume":"215","author":"McClure","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2746\/095777308X282363","article-title":"Poor performance associated with equine gastric ulceration syndrome in four Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"20","author":"Franklin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"361","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of omeprazole on physiological indices of performance of horses during incremental treadmill exercise","volume":"2","author":"Cox","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"187","article-title":"Poor Performance Associated with Equine Gastric Ulcer in an Arabian Racehorse","volume":"13","author":"Huntington","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Fac. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.04_13492","article-title":"Association between owner-perceived clinical signs and the presence of equine glandular disease on endoscopy","volume":"53","author":"Hewetson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20150856","article-title":"Occurrence of gastric ulcers in horses exercised on a treadmill","volume":"46","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cienc. Rural"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"45","article-title":"Endoscopic Finding of Gastric Ulcer in Rural Horse and Relation with Gasterophilus spp.","volume":"14","author":"Rezazadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundra, T., Kelty, E., and Rendle, D. (2022, January 10). Comparison of 5\u2013 and 7\u2013day interval dosing with long-acting injectable omeprazole in the treatment of equine squamous and glandular gastric disease. Proceedings of the BEVA Congress, Liverpool, UK.","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13938"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.35_13152","article-title":"Relationship of gastric and small intestinal inflammation in equine glandular gastric disease","volume":"51","author":"Banse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2019.05.025","article-title":"Girthiness: Retrospective Study of 37 Horses (2004\u20132016)","volume":"79","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"e245","article-title":"An investigation of behaviour during tacking-up and mounting in ridden sports and leisure horses","volume":"34","author":"Dyson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Hepburn, R., and Proudman, C. (2014, January 7\u201310). Treatment of ulceration of the gastric glandular mucosa: Retrospective evaluation of omeprazole and sucralfate combination therapy in 204 sport and leisure horses. Proceedings of the 11th International Equine Colic Research Symposium, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.09.002","article-title":"Increased adrenocortical response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in sport horses with equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD)","volume":"228","author":"Scheidegger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Sauer, F., Bruckmaier, R., Ramseyer, A., Vidondo, B., Scheidegger, M., and Gerber, V. (2017, January 2\u20134). Optimization of an ACTH challenge test to predict the risk of equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) in horses. Proceedings of the 10th Annual European College of Equine Internal Medicine Congress, Li\u00c8ge, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.05.009","article-title":"Hair cortisol concentration is inversely related to the severity of equine squamous gastric disease","volume":"249","author":"Prinsloo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-56-35","article-title":"Diagnostic evaluation and short-term outcome as indicators of long-term prognosis in horses with findings suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease treated with corticosteroids and anthelmintics","volume":"56","author":"Kaikkonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.6.787","article-title":"Effect of gastric ulceration on physiologic responses to exercise in horses","volume":"70","author":"Nieto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X293565","article-title":"In vitro effects of hydrochloric and lactic acids on bioelectric properties of equine gastric squamous mucosa","volume":"40","author":"Andrews","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.413","article-title":"Effects of hydrochloric, valeric, and other volatile fatty acids on pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses","volume":"64","author":"Nadeau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"161","article-title":"Soluble carbohydrate content of ryegrass cultivars","volume":"71","author":"Easton","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Z. Grassl. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X284673","article-title":"Effect of paddock vs. stall housing on 24 hour gastric pH within the proximal and ventral equine stomach","volume":"40","author":"Husted","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-354","article-title":"Effects of Varying Dietary Forage Particle Size in Two Concentrate Levels on Chewing Activity, Ruminal Mat Characteristics, and Passage in Dairy Cows1","volume":"90","author":"Zebeli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1481","article-title":"Effects of exercise on gastric volume and pH in the proximal portion of the stomach of horses","volume":"63","author":"Merritt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1996.tb03107.x","article-title":"Factors associated with gastric lesions in Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"28","author":"Murray","year":"1996","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2009.01.006","article-title":"The Effect of Exercise on Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in the Thoroughbred and Standardbred Athlete","volume":"29","author":"Orsini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Reed, S., Bayly, W., and Sellon, D. (2018). Equine Internal Medicine, Elsevier. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Wong, G., To, K., Wong, V., Lai, L., Chow, D., Lau, J., Sung, J., and Ding, C. (2009). Bacterial microbiota profiling in gastritis without Helicobacter pylori infection or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007985"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"386","article-title":"Frequency of gastric pathologies in working horses (Equus caballus) in C\u00f3rdoba, Colombia","volume":"25","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Cient. Fac. Cienc. Vet. Univ. Zulia"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1750","article-title":"Characterization histopathological of gastritis associated to Helicobacter spp presence in stomach of horses","volume":"14","author":"Cardona","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. MVZ Cord."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12486_18","article-title":"Diagnostic Value of Gastric Mucosal Biopsies in Horses with Glandular Disease","volume":"47","author":"Crumpton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Prieto, A., Contreras-Aguilar, M.D., Cer\u00f3n, J.J., Ayala, I., Martin-Cuervo, M., Gonzalez-Sanchez, J.C., Jacobsen, S., Kule\u0161, J., Beleti\u0107, A., and Rubi\u0107, I. (2022). Changes in Proteins in Saliva and Serum in Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome Using a Proteomic Approach. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12091169"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2010.00175.x","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors of oesophageal and nonglandular gastric lesions in Thoroughbred racehorses in Saskatchewan","volume":"23","author":"Epp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12464","article-title":"Phenylbutazone induces equine glandular gastric disease without decreasing prostaglandin E2 concentrations","volume":"41","author":"Pedersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.17533\/udea.rccp.v29n1a05","article-title":"Nitric oxide and malondialdehyde in gastric contents and blood in an equine model of gastric ulcer induced by phenylbutazone","volume":"29","author":"Zuluaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Pecu."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.3923\/javaa.2012.750.755","article-title":"Long term use of flunixin meglumine and ketoprofen in Arabian horses and their digestive and cardiac injuries (biochemical, hematological and endoscopic findings)","volume":"11","author":"Ali","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2003.10.004","article-title":"Lower gastric ulcerogenic effect of suxibuzone compared to phenylbutazone when administered orally to horses","volume":"76","author":"Monreal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589002700405","article-title":"The Effects of Phenylbutazone on the Morphology and Prostaglandin Concentrations of the Pyloric Mucosa of the Equine Stomach","volume":"27","author":"Meschter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13323","article-title":"Impact of omeprazole on phenylbutazone-induced equine gastric ulcer syndrome","volume":"53","author":"Ricord","year":"2020","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13534","article-title":"Effect of omeprazole and sucralfate on gastrointestinal injury in a fasting\/NSAID model","volume":"54","author":"Bishop","year":"2022","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13561","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine orthopaedics","volume":"54","author":"Jacobs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12941","article-title":"Effect of selective versus nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitors on gastric ulceration scores and intestinal inflammation in horses","volume":"47","author":"Richardson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"113","article-title":"Effects of top-dress formulations of suxibuzone and phenylbutazone on development of gastric ulcers in horses","volume":"10","author":"Andrews","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Ther."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis","volume":"36","author":"Marshall","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16241","article-title":"Gastric microbiome in horses with and without equine glandular gastric disease","volume":"35","author":"Paul","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"553","article-title":"Novel detection of Helicobacter species in gastric problems in Equine in Egypt","volume":"11","author":"AbuElghait","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Rev. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"52","article-title":"Detection of helicobacter-like organisms in Thoroughbred horses from Venezuela","volume":"3","author":"Abelardo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2007.02227.x","article-title":"Detection of Helicobacter-like DNA in the gastric mucosa of Thoroughbred horses","volume":"45","author":"Contreras","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.17221\/154\/2020-VETMED","article-title":"Frequency of endoscopic findings of equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) in rural horses and its association with Helicobacter pylori virulence genes","volume":"67","author":"Rezazadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Husted, L., Jensen, T.K., Olsen, S.N., and M\u00f8lbak, L. (2010). Examination of equine glandular stomach lesions for bacteria, including Helicobacter spp by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. BMC Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-84"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1507.07054","article-title":"Diversity of the gastric microbiota in thoroughbred racehorses having gastric ulcer","volume":"26","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06252-11","article-title":"Equine stomachs harbor an abundant and diverse mucosal microbiota","volume":"78","author":"Perkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X464816","article-title":"Pathology of gastritis and gastric ulceration in the horse. Part 1: Range of lesions present in 21 mature individuals","volume":"41","author":"Martineau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.104002","article-title":"A study comparing the healthy and diseased equine glandular gastric microbiota sampled with sheathed transendoscopic cytology brushes","volume":"116","author":"Voss","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.34_13152","article-title":"Diet-Induced Changes in Gastric and Faecal Microbiota in Horses: Association with Gastric Ulcer Healing","volume":"51","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S111","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.07.0277","article-title":"Dietary and management factors influence the equine gastric microbiome","volume":"260","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sykes, B.W., Sykes, K.M., and Hallowell, G.D. (2014). Administration of trimethoprim-sulphadimidine does not improve healing of glandular gastric ulceration in horses receiving omeprazole: A randomised, blinded, clinical study. BMC Vet. Res., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0180-0"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.12968\/ukve.2018.2.S1.3","article-title":"Recommendations for the management of equine glandular gastric disease","volume":"2","author":"Rendle","year":"2018","journal-title":"UK Vet Equine"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15987","article-title":"Interobserver and intraobserver reliability for 2 grading systems for gastric ulcer syndrome in horses","volume":"35","author":"Wise","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13334","article-title":"Inter-observer variability of two grading systems for equine glandular gastric disease","volume":"53","author":"Tallon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.807","article-title":"Assessment of agreement using the equine glandular gastric disease grading system in 84 cases","volume":"8","author":"Pratt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.63_12792","article-title":"Pyloric Stenosis In Adult Horses: Retrospective Study Of 10 Cases","volume":"29","author":"Deniau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.63_13534","article-title":"Gastric and duodenal polyps in horses","volume":"33","author":"Scheidemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"187","article-title":"Der klinische Fall: Therapie eines hyperplastischen Polypen im Magen eines Pferdes mit Helicobacter-spp.-Besiedelung","volume":"25","author":"Fritsche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pferdespiegel"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2005.02.008","article-title":"Results of a large-scale necroscopic study of equine colonic ulcers","volume":"25","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Sykes, B., Jokisalo, J., and Hallowell, G. (2014, January 7\u201310). Evaluation of a commercial faecal blood test for the diagnosis of gastric ulceration in Thoroughbred racehorses: A preliminary report. Proceedings of the 11th International Equine Colic Research Symposium, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12384","article-title":"Effect of a pelleted supplement fed during and after omeprazole treatment on nonglandular gastric ulcer scores and gastric juice pH in horses","volume":"28","author":"Andrews","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"Ramey, D., Murrell, J., Fischer, T., Brauer, T., Klohnen, A., and Lee, M. (2018, January 7\u201310). Fecal Blood Hemoglobin and Albumin Test Does Not Diagnose Gastric Ulceration in the Horse. Proceedings of the American Association of Orlando, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contreras-Aguilar, M.D., Rubio, C.P., Gonz\u00e1lez-Arostegui, L.G., Mart\u00edn-Cuervo, M., Cer\u00f3n, J.J., Ayala, I., Henriksen, I.M.H., Jacobsen, S., and Hansen, S. (2022). Changes in Oxidative Status Biomarkers in Saliva and Serum in the Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome and Colic of Intestinal Aetiology: A Pilot Study. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12050667"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13145","article-title":"Is Serum Amyloid A elevated in horses with equine gastric ulcer syndrome?","volume":"32","author":"Spanton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2019.102853","article-title":"The Contribution of Specific and Nonspecific Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) Under Field Condition","volume":"84","author":"Shawaf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13068","article-title":"Searching for serum protein markers of equine squamous gastric disease using gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry","volume":"51","author":"Tesena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.31","article-title":"Evaluation of urine sucrose concentration for detection of gastric ulcers in horses","volume":"65","author":"Steiner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02873.x","article-title":"Sucrose concentration in blood: A new method for assessment of gastric permeability in horses with gastric ulceration","volume":"20","author":"Hewetson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-018-0377-5","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of blood sucrose as a screening test for equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in weanling foals","volume":"60","author":"Hewetson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Westermann, C., van den Wollenberg, L., Everts, H., van der Kolk, J., Counotte, G., and van Doorn, D. (2016, January 11). Evaluation of a Blood Sucrose Test for the Assessment of Gastric Ulcers in Warmblood Horses Aimed at Field Conditions. Proceedings of the European College of Equine Internal Medicine Congress, Helsinki, Finland."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.1999.tb00961.x","article-title":"Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS): The Equine Gastric Ulcer Council","volume":"11","author":"Andrews","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12083","article-title":"A comparison between pre- and post exercise administration of omeprazole in the treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome: A blinded, randomised, clinical trial","volume":"46","author":"Sykes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12706","article-title":"Comparison of aloe vera and omeprazole in the treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Bush","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03153.x","article-title":"Effects of omeprazole on healing of naturally-occurring gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"29","author":"Murray","year":"1997","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12240","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence testing of five commercial formulations of omeprazole in the horse","volume":"39","author":"Sykes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12691","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of two omeprazole formulations on stomach pH and gastric ulcer scores","volume":"49","author":"Raidal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12341","article-title":"Efficacy of omeprazole powder paste or enteric-coated formulation in healing of gastric ulcers in horses","volume":"28","author":"Birkmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12169","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of intravenous, plain oral and enteric-coated oral omeprazole in the horse","volume":"38","author":"Sykes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.003459","article-title":"Prodrugs\u2014from serendipity to rational design","volume":"63","author":"Huttunen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12630","article-title":"The effects of dose and diet on the pharmacodynamics of omeprazole in the horse","volume":"49","author":"Sykes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X416431","article-title":"Effect of a feed\/fast protocol on pH in the proximal equine stomach","volume":"41","author":"Husted","year":"2009","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.2746\/042516403775696339","article-title":"Effect of GastroGard and three compounded oral omeprazole preparations on 24 h intragastric pH in gastrically cannulated mature horses","volume":"37","author":"Merritt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.20_13008","article-title":"Efficacy of Long-Acting Injectable Omeprazole (LAIOMEP) in the Management of Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD) and Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD)","volume":"50","author":"Rendle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13546","article-title":"Clinical efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of a novel long-acting intramuscular omeprazole in performance horses with gastric ulcers","volume":"34","author":"Lehman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"Kranenburg, L., Scheepbouwer, J., and van den Boom, R. (2020, January 20). A retrospective study on the effect of combined sucralfate and omeprazole therapy compared with omeprazole monotherapy for equine glandular gastric disease. Proceedings of the 13th Annual European College of Equine Internal Medicine Congress, Online."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"138","article-title":"Effects of corn oil on the gastric mucosa of horses with induced ulcer","volume":"29","author":"Zuluaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Pecu."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12670","article-title":"The effects of dose and diet on the pharmacodynamics of esomeprazole in the horse","volume":"49","author":"Sykes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.47_12732","article-title":"Oral Esomeprazole As A Treatment For Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome Refractory To Oral Omeprazole","volume":"49","author":"Rendle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.12968\/ukve.2021.5.5.216","article-title":"Esomeprazole in the treatment of equine glandular gastric disease","volume":"5","author":"Sundra","year":"2021","journal-title":"UK Vet. Equine"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2009.10.006","article-title":"Preliminary Study of the Gastric Acidity in Thoroughbred Horses at Rest after Enteral Administration of Esomeprazole Magnesium (Nexium)","volume":"29","author":"Pereira","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1992.tb04773.x","article-title":"The effects of famotidine, ranitidine and magnesium hydroxide\/aluminium hydroxide on gastric fluid pH in adult horses","volume":"24","author":"Murray","year":"1992","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.227.1636","article-title":"Effects of treatment with omeprazole or ranitidine on gastric squamous ulceration in racing Thoroughbreds","volume":"227","author":"Lester","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)31260-8","article-title":"Effects of misoprostol and omeprazole on basal gastric pH and free acid content in horses","volume":"47","author":"Sangiah","year":"1989","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00159","article-title":"Misoprostol Inhibits Equine Neutrophil Adhesion, Migration, and Respiratory Burst in an In Vitro Model of Inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00160","article-title":"Misoprostol Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production by Equine Leukocytes","volume":"4","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-57-8-467","article-title":"Right dorsal colitis in the horse: Minireview and reports on three cases in Ireland","volume":"57","author":"Galvin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12454","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug associated right dorsal colitis in the horse","volume":"29","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13087","article-title":"Misoprostol is superior to combined omeprazole\u2013sucralfate for the treatment of equine gastric glandular disease","volume":"51","author":"Varley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2007.09.009","article-title":"Treatment of incomplete abortion and miscarriage with misoprostol","volume":"99","author":"Blum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.03.058","article-title":"Proton-pump inhibitor therapy induces acid-related symptoms in healthy volunteers after withdrawal of therapy","volume":"137","author":"Reimer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.81","article-title":"Dyspeptic symptom development after discontinuation of a proton pump inhibitor: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"105","author":"Niklasson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13023","article-title":"Side Effects of Long-Term Proton Pump Inhibitor Use: A Review","volume":"123","author":"Haastrup","year":"2018","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1560-3","article-title":"Adverse effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy","volume":"56","author":"Sheen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3168-0","article-title":"Use of proton pump inhibitors is associated with fractures in young adults: A population-based study","volume":"26","author":"Freedberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20182625","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2625","article-title":"Early Acid Suppression Therapy Exposure and Fracture in Young Children","volume":"144","author":"Malchodi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, B., Steel, C., Shan, R., Vokes, J., Sykes, B., Gedye, K., and Lovett, A. (2023). Evaluation of the effects of medium-term (57-day) omeprazole administration and of omeprazole discontinuation on serum gastrin and serum chromogranin A levels in the horse.","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16795"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00499.x","article-title":"Treatment with histamine-type 2 receptor antagonists and omeprazole increase the risk of diarrhoea in neonatal foals treated in intensive care units","volume":"44","author":"Furr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flood, J., and Stewart, A. (2022). Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Associated Toxicities in Horses. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12212939"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15897","article-title":"The effect of combined carprofen and omeprazole administration on gastrointestinal permeability and inflammation in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15937","article-title":"Effect of oral administration of omeprazole on the microbiota of the gastric glandular mucosa and feces of healthy horses","volume":"34","author":"Cerri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.1.79","article-title":"Investigation of effects of omeprazole on the fecal and gastric microbiota of healthy adult horses","volume":"80","author":"Tyma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13458","article-title":"A free ride: Is long-term omeprazole therapy safe and effective?","volume":"33","author":"Sykes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2019.102851","article-title":"Omeprazole Reduces Calcium Digestibility in Thoroughbred Horses","volume":"86","author":"Pagan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.07.003","article-title":"Short-Term Omeprazole Use Does Not Affect Serum Calcium Concentrations and Bone Density in Horses","volume":"35","author":"Caston","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2020.1859610","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of single and repeated oral doses of esomeprazole and gastrin elevation in healthy males and females","volume":"56","author":"Lund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.10.1303","article-title":"Trophic effect of gastrin on the enterochromaffin like cells of the rat stomach: Establishment of a dose response relationship","volume":"33","author":"Brenna","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helgadottir, H., and Bjornsson, E.S. (2019). Problems associated with deprescribing of proton pump inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215469"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2001.00890.x","article-title":"Serum chromogranin A as a screening test for gastric enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia during acid-suppressive therapy","volume":"31","author":"Sanduleanu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.08.012","article-title":"The effect of presenting forage in multi-layered haynets and at multiple sites on night time budgets of stabled horses","volume":"171","author":"Ellis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.01.010","article-title":"Effect of forage presentation on feed intake behaviour in stabled horses","volume":"165","author":"Ellis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2019.05.007","article-title":"Effect of Changing Diet on Gastric Ulceration in Exercising Horses and Ponies After Cessation of Omeprazole Treatment","volume":"83","author":"Luthersson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20180304","article-title":"The impact of feeding a high-fibre and high-fat concentrated diet on the recovery of horses suffering from gastric ulcers","volume":"34","author":"Mitterer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0737-0806(06)80163-2","article-title":"Digestible energy requirements for work and maintenance of horses fed conventional and fat-supplemented diets","volume":"10","author":"Potter","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02583.x","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Corn Oil Supplementation on Equine Gastric Fluid Acid, Sodium, and Prostaglandin E2 Content before and during Pentagastrin Infusion","volume":"18","author":"Cargile","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.2006","article-title":"Effects of dietary oils on the development of gastric ulcers in mares","volume":"66","author":"Frank","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700289","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammatory processes and inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"52","author":"Calder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601478","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity","volume":"56","author":"Calder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002689","article-title":"Conversion of \u03b1-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in young women","volume":"88","author":"Burdge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002662","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids are the principal products of a-linolenic acid metabolism in young men","volume":"88","author":"Burdge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.06.0275","article-title":"Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation increases levels in red blood cells and reduces the prevalence and severity of squamous gastric ulcers in exercised Thoroughbreds","volume":"260","author":"Pagan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.22.679","article-title":"Treatment of gastric ulceration in 10 standardbred racehorses with a pectin-lecithin complex","volume":"152","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05178.x","article-title":"Treatment of gastric lesions in horses with pectin-lecithin complex","volume":"31","author":"Venner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2014.09.006","article-title":"Efficacy of a Combination of Apolectol, Live Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae [CNCM I-1077]), and Magnesium Hydroxide in the Management of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Thoroughbred Racehorses: A Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"34","author":"Sykes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shan, R., Steel, C., and Sykes, B. (2023). Evaluation of two Recommended Withholding Periods for omeprazole and the use of a commercial nutraceutical supplement on Equine Squamous Gastric Disease in the horse.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111823"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2018.01.007","article-title":"Effect of live yeast supplementation on gastric ecosystem in horses fed a high-starch diet","volume":"215","author":"Julliand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12145_32","article-title":"Efficacy of a Combination of a Unique Pectin-Lecithin Complex (Apolectol\u00ae), Live Yeast and Magnesium Hydroxide in the Prevention of EGUS and Faecal Acidosis in Thoroughbred Racehorses: A Randomised, Blinded, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"45","author":"Sykes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2009.s2.685","article-title":"Effect of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) administration on apparent digestibility of horses","volume":"6","author":"Agazzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.104088","article-title":"Prophylactic effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract on phenylbutazone-induced Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD)","volume":"118","author":"Ahmadnejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3844\/ajavsp.2017.104.110","article-title":"Efficacy of the administration of a natural feed supplement in the management of equine gastric ulcer syndrome in 7 sport horses: A field trial","volume":"12","author":"Stucchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3920\/JAAN2020.0011","article-title":"Effect of a novel fermented soy product on gastric ulcer scores in horses","volume":"8","author":"Raidal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1294\/jes.32.27","article-title":"Effect of a novel rice fermented extract on gastric ulcers in horses","volume":"32","author":"Sasaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Equine Sci."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00975.x","article-title":"Effect of Sea Buckthorn Berries and Pulp in a Liquid Emulsion on Gastric Ulcer Scores and Gastric Juice pH in Horses","volume":"26","author":"Huff","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.11.011","article-title":"Polysaccharide Treatment Reduces Gastric Ulceration in Active Horses","volume":"50","author":"Slovis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-56-13","article-title":"ImproWin\u00ae in the treatment of gastric ulceration of the squamous mucosa in trotting racehorses","volume":"56","author":"Hellings","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.05.003","article-title":"The Effect of Serum-Based Bioactive Proteins for the Prevention of Squamous Gastric Ulcers in Horses","volume":"43","author":"McClure","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_209","first-page":"241","article-title":"Effects of supplements containing turmeric and devil\u2019s claw on equine gastric ulcer scores and gastric juice pH","volume":"34","author":"Banse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15603","article-title":"Evaluation of a Chinese herbal supplement on equine squamous gastric disease and gastric fluid pH in mares","volume":"33","author":"Munsterman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12951","article-title":"Prophylactic therapy with omeprazole for prevention of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in horses in active training: A meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Mason","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12371","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a new formulation of omeprazole in the horse","volume":"40","author":"Busechian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.02.228","article-title":"A Comparison Between Omeprazole and a Dietary Supplement for the Management of Squamous Gastric Ulceration in Horses","volume":"40","author":"Kerbyson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/7\/1261\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:10:37Z","timestamp":1760123437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/7\/1261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"references-count":213,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13071261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13071261","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]}}}