{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:54:31Z","timestamp":1791921271151,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]],"date-time":"2023-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Education Commission, Islamabad (Pakistan)","award":["7069\/Punjab\/NRPU\/R&D\/HEC\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7069\/Punjab\/NRPU\/R&D\/HEC\/2017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004681","name":"National Research Program for Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7069\/Punjab\/NRPU\/R&D\/HEC\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7069\/Punjab\/NRPU\/R&D\/HEC\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fowl typhoid, a septicaemic disease of poultry, is caused by Salmonella Gallinarum and leads to severe economic losses. The aim of the present study was to isolate, select and characterize indigenous probiotic lactobacilli with anti-Salmonella Gallinarum activity. A total 55 lactobacilli were isolated from the caeca and ileum parts of healthy chickens and identified to species level by 16S rDNA sequencing. All the isolates were initially screened for antimicrobial activity and selected isolates were further subjected to in vitro evaluation of probiotic properties. Lactobacilli isolates (n = 21) showed varying levels of activity (08\u201318 mm) against Salmonella Gallinarum. These selected isolates also showed tolerance to acidic conditions (pH 3 and 4). Out of these 21 isolates, 13 showed growth (&gt;0.5 OD at 600 nm) 0.3% bile salts. Moreover, these isolates also had the ability of auto-aggregation (20.05 \u00b1 0.62%\u201350.70 \u00b1 1.40%), and co-aggregation with Salmonella Gallinarum (5.22 \u00b1 0.21%\u201342.07 \u00b1 0.70%). Results revealed that lactobacilli had a higher level of resistance to vancomycin (100%), streptomycin (100%), ciprofloxacin (95%), gentamicin (90%), doxycycline (90%), oxytetracycline (85%), and bacitracin (80%), and a lower level of resistance to penicillin (33%), erythromycin (28%), chloramphenicol (23%), fusidic acid (23%) and amoxicillin (4%). The Limosilactobacillus fermentum PC-10 and PC-76 were sensitive to most of the antibiotics. The overall results revealed that two Limosilactobacillus fermentum strains (PC-10 and PC-76) fulfill the in vitro selection criteria of probiotics, i.e, tolerance to low pH, resistance to bile salts, auto-aggregation, co-aggregation with Salmonella Gallinarum, and absence of acquired antibiotic resistance. The Limosilactobacillus fermentum PC-10 and PC-76 also inhibited the (&gt;5 log10) growth of Salmonella Gallinarum in co-culture assay. It is concluded that Limosilactobacillus fermentum PC-10 and PC-76 may be further investigated and developed as anti-Salmonella Gallinarum probiotics for poultry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13081284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T03:15:57Z","timestamp":1681096557000},"page":"1284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["In Vitro Characterization of Probiotic Potential of Limosilactobacillus fermentum against Salmonella Gallinarum Causing Fowl Typhoid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Adnan","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6205-7350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masood","family":"Rabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Hassan","family":"Mushtaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan (2021). 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