{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:18Z","timestamp":1787027478146,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock","award":["FA24018048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA24018048"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs and the National Foundation for Research, Technology and Development","award":["FA24018048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA24018048"]}]},{"name":"Biomin Holding GmbH","award":["FA24018048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA24018048"]}]},{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna","award":["FA24018048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA24018048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of diet-induced subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) severity during transition and the early lactation period on claw health in 24 first-lactation Holstein heifers. All heifers were fed a 30% concentrate (in dry matter) close-up ration three weeks before calving, then switched to a high-concentrate ration (60% dry matter), which was fed until the 70th day in milk (DIM) to induce SARA. Thereafter, all cows were fed the same post-SARA ration with around 36% concentrate in dry matter. Hoof trimming was performed before calving (visit 1), at 70 (visit 2) and at 160 DIM (visit 3). All claw lesions were recorded, and a Cow Claw Score (CCS) was calculated for each cow. Locomotion scores (LCS 1\u20135) were assessed at two-week intervals. Intraruminal sensors for continuous pH measurements were used to determine SARA (pH below 5.8 for more than 330 min in 24 h). The cluster analysis grouped the cows retrospectively into light (\u226411%; n = 9), moderate (&gt;11\u2013&lt;30%; n = 7), and severe (&gt;30%; n = 8) SARA groups, based on the percentage of days individual cows experienced SARA. Statistically significant differences were found between SARA groups light and severe in terms of lameness incidence (p = 0.023), but not for LCS and claw lesion prevalence. Further, the analysis of maximum likelihood estimates revealed that for each day experiencing SARA, the likelihood of becoming lame increased by 2.52% (p = 0.0257). A significant increase in white line lesion prevalence was observed between visits 2 and 3 in the severe SARA group. The mean CCS in severe SARA group cows were higher at each visit compared to cows in the other two groups, but without statistical significance. Overall, this is the first study indicating that first-lactation cows fed a similar high-concentrate diet but with a higher severity of SARA tended to have poorer claw health, albeit with only partial statistical evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13081418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T01:33:43Z","timestamp":1682040823000},"page":"1418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of High Concentrate-Induced Subacute Ruminal Acidosis Severity on Claw Health in First-Lactation Holstein Cows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9664-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann","family":"Kofler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hoefler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5709-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Hartinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9304-2351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezequias","family":"Castillo-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7342-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching Farm, VetFarm Kremesberg, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 2563 Pottenstein, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Tichy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9207-452X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Reisinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSM, BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5188-9004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qendrim","family":"Zebeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4071","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3177","article-title":"The effect of claw horn disruption lesions and body condition score at dry-off on survivability, reproductive performance, and milk production in the subsequent lactation","volume":"93","author":"Machado","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.3390\/ani3030951","article-title":"Effects of increased vigilance for locomotion disorders on lameness and production in dairy cows","volume":"3","author":"Gundelach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"721","article-title":"Impact of lameness on fertility traits in Austrian Fleckvieh cows\u2014Results from the Efficient-Cow-project","volume":"163","author":"Guggenbichler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.138.24.586","article-title":"Epidemiology of lameness in dairy cattle: Description and analysis of foot lesions","volume":"138","author":"Murray","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.01.005","article-title":"Associations between hoof lesions and locomotion score in 1098 unsound dairy cows","volume":"184","author":"Tadich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kofler, J., Suntinger, M., Mayerhofer, M., Linke, K., Maurer, L., Hund, A., Fiedler, A., Duda, J., and Egger-Danner, C. (2022). Benchmarking based on regularly recorded claw health data of Austrian dairy cattle for implementation in the Cattle Data Network (RDV). Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12070808"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E36","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)70059-4","article-title":"Environmental influences on claw horn lesions associated with laminitis and subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows","volume":"87","author":"Cook","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Greenough, P.R. (2007). Bovine Laminitis and Lameness\u2014A Hands on Approach, Saunders Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(97)80024-X","article-title":"Claw lesions in dairy cattle\u2014Development of sole and white line haemorrhages during the first lactation","volume":"154","author":"Leach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-44-S1-S157","article-title":"Causes, risk factors, and prevention of laminitis and related claw lesions","volume":"98","author":"Bergsten","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)70057-0","article-title":"Nutritional approaches to minimize subacute ruminal acidosis and laminitis in dairy cattle","volume":"87","author":"Stone","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00440","article-title":"A prospective cohort study on the development of claw horn disruption lesions in dairy cattle\u2014Furthering our understanding of the role of the digital cushion","volume":"7","author":"Griffiths","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)74980-0","article-title":"Consequences of selection for milk yield from a geneticist\u2019s viewpoint","volume":"83","author":"Hansen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.12.016","article-title":"Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows: The physiological causes, incidence and consequences","volume":"176","author":"Plaizier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2015.09.020","article-title":"Nutrition, rumen health and inflammation in the transition period and their role on overall health and fertility in dairy cows","volume":"103","author":"Zebeli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7761","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19890","article-title":"Models to predict the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows based on dietary and cow factors: A meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Khorrami","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-55-48","article-title":"Prevalence and consequences of subacute ruminal acidosis in German dairy herds","volume":"55","author":"Kleen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2013.03.005","article-title":"Energy and protein nutrition management of transition dairy cows","volume":"29","author":"Lean","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Food Anim."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2013.06.006","article-title":"Impact of nutrition on lameness and claw health in cattle","volume":"156","author":"Lean","year":"2013","journal-title":"Livestock Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2017.06.004","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds","volume":"33","author":"Oetzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Food Anim."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12850","article-title":"Signals for identifying cows at risk of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy veterinary practice","volume":"102","author":"Humer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langova, L., Novotna, I., Nemcova, P., Machacek, M., Havlicek, Z., Zemanova, M., and Chrast, V. (2020). Impact of nutrients on the hoof health in cattle. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101824"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800008857","article-title":"The influence of diet before and after calving on the food intake, production and health of primiparous cows, with special reference to sole haemorrhages","volume":"66","author":"Olsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(02)00171-5","article-title":"Effect of forage type on claw horn lesion development in dairy heifers","volume":"165","author":"Offer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)72638-3","article-title":"Severity of ruminal acidosis in primiparous holstein cows during the periparturient period","volume":"90","author":"Penner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-601","article-title":"The definition of acidosis in dairy herds predominantly fed on pasture and concentrates","volume":"91","author":"Bramley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6433","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-9522","article-title":"Long-term reticuloruminal pH dynamics and markers of liver health in early-lactating cows of various parities fed diets differing in grain processing","volume":"98","author":"Humer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0572","article-title":"Modeling the adequacy of dietary fiber in dairy cows based on the responses of ruminal pH and milk fat production to composition of the diet","volume":"91","author":"Zebeli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.007","article-title":"Variability in susceptibility to acidosis among high producing mid-lactation dairy cows is associated with rumen pH, fermentation, feed intake, sorting activity, and milk fat percentage","volume":"228","author":"Nasrollahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.20.8.415","article-title":"Bovine laminitis: The lesions and their pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Ossent","year":"1998","journal-title":"Practice"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2038","article-title":"Biomechanics and histology of bovine claw suspensory tissue in early acute laminitis","volume":"93","author":"Danscher","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"M\u00fclling, C.K.W. (2019, January 10\u201313). Biomechanics of the Bovine Foot. Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium of Lameness in Ruminants, Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"GfE (2001). Empfehlungen zur Energie- und N\u00e4hrstoffversorgung der Milchk\u00fche und Aufzuchtrinder, DLG-Verlags-GmbH."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(97)00098-8","article-title":"A lameness scoring system that uses posture and gait to predict dairy cattle reproductive performance","volume":"47","author":"Sprecher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"10","article-title":"Evaluation of claw health in heifers in seven dairy farms using a digital claw trimming protocol and claw data analysis system","volume":"124","author":"Kofler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Berlin. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.06.009","article-title":"Computerised claw trimming database programs as the basis for monitoring hoof health in dairy herds","volume":"198","author":"Kofler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Egger-Danner, C., Nielsen, P., Fiedler, A., M\u00fcller, K.E., Fjeldaas, T., D\u00f6pfer, D., Daniel, V., Bergsten, C., Cramer, G., and Christen, A.-M. (2015). ICAR Claw Health Atlas, ICAR Online Publication. Available online: https:\/\/www.icar.org\/ICAR_Claw_Health_Atlas.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Kofler, J., Fiedler, A., Charfeddine, N., Capion, N., Fjeldaas, T., Cramer, G., Bell, N., M\u00fcller, K., Christen, A., and Thomas, G. (2020). ICAR Claw Health Atlas\u2014Appendix 1\u2014Digital Dermatitis Stages (M-Stages), ICAR Online-Publication. Available online: https:\/\/www.icar.org\/Documents\/ICAR-Claw-Health-Atlas-Appendix-1-DD-stages-M-stages.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Kofler, J., Fiedler, A., Charfeddine, N., Capion, N., Fjeldaas, T., Cramer, G., Bell, N.J., M\u00fcller, K.E., Christen, A.-M., and Thomas, G. (2020). ICAR Claw Health Atlas\u2014Appendix 2\u2014Digital Dermatitis-Associated Claw Horn Lesions, ICAR Online-Publication. Available online: https:\/\/www.icar.org\/Documents\/ICAR-Claw-Health-Atlas-Appendix-2-DD-associated-Claw-Horn-Lesions.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(98)80043-9","article-title":"Claw lesions in dairy cattle: Methods or assessment of sole and white line lesions","volume":"155","author":"Leach","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.144.1.17","article-title":"Subclinical laminitis in dairy cows: Use of severity of hoof lesions to rank and evaluate herds","volume":"144","author":"Smilie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)76026-0","article-title":"Bovine acidosis: Implications on laminitis","volume":"80","author":"Nocek","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E27","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)70058-2","article-title":"Investigation strategies for laminitis problem herds","volume":"87","author":"Nordlund","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Shaver, R.D. (2023, February 14). Feeding to Minimize Acidosis and Laminitis in Dairy Cattle; Dairy Cattle Extension Publication: 2019. Available online: https:\/\/dairy-cattle.extension.org\/feeding-to-minimize-acidosis-and-laminitis-in-dairy-cattle\/."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"406","article-title":"Comparative measurements on ruminal pH-value in cattle","volume":"123","author":"Schneider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Berlin. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s176","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119003112","article-title":"Rumen sensors: Data and interpretation for key rumen metabolic processes","volume":"14","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.164.22.681","article-title":"Subacute ruminal acidosis in Dutch dairy herds","volume":"164","author":"Kleen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12675","article-title":"Differences between pH of indwelling sensors and the pH of fluid and solid phase in the rumen of dairy cows fed varying concentrate levels","volume":"102","author":"Neubauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(03)00038-5","article-title":"Quantitative review of in situ starch degradation in the rumen","volume":"106","author":"Offner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2015.10.002","article-title":"In situ and in vitro ruminal degradation of maize grain and untreated or xylose-treated wheat, barley and rye grains","volume":"210","author":"Benninghoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.15232\/S1080-7446(15)31206-7","article-title":"Effects of feeding Zinc, Manganese, and Copper-Amino-Acid-Complexes and Cobalt-Glucoheptonate to dairy replacement heifers on claw disorders","volume":"21","author":"Drendel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.06.043","article-title":"The effects of early treatment for hindlimb lameness in dairy cows on four commercial UK farms","volume":"193","author":"Leach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.09.006","article-title":"Lameness in dairy heifers; impacts of hoof lesions present around first calving on future lameness, milk yield and culling risk","volume":"133","author":"Randall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Christen, A.M., Egger-Danner, C., Capion, N., Charfeddine, N., Cole, J., Cramer, G., De Jong, G., Fiedler, A., Fjeldaas, T., and Gengler, N. (2020). Section 7\u2014Bovine Functional Traits: Guidelines for Health, Female Fertility, Udder Health, Claw Health Traits and Lameness in Bovine, ICAR Online-Publication. Available online: https:\/\/www.icar.org\/Guidelines\/07-Bovine-Functional-Traits.pdf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72579-6","article-title":"Prevalence of lameness in high-producing Holstein cows housed in freestall barns in Minnesota","volume":"89","author":"Espejo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2478\/aoas-2018-0050","article-title":"Effect of parity on claw horn lesions in Holstein dairy cows\u2014Clinical and radiological study","volume":"19","author":"Fiore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15349","article-title":"Prevalence of lameness and associated risk factors on dairy farms in the Maritime Provinces of Canada","volume":"102","author":"Jewell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2009). Scientific opinion on welfare of dairy cows in relation to leg and locomotion problems based on a risk assessment with special reference to the impact of housing, feeding, management and genetic selection. EFSA J., 1142, 1\u201357. Available online: https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/de\/efsajournal\/pub\/1142.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2009.1142"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00285","article-title":"Erarbeitung von Kennzahlen und Grenzwerten zur Klauengesundheit beim Schweizer Rindvieh","volume":"163","author":"Huber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Shearer, J., and Van Amstel, S. (2013). Manual of Foot Care in Cattle, W.D. Hoard & Sons Company. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadiq, M.B., Ramanoon, S.Z., Mansor, R., Syed-Hussain, S.S., and Shaik Mossadeq, W.M. (2020). Claw trimming as a lameness management practice and the association with welfare and production in dairy cows. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091515"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2022.105886","article-title":"Comparison of claw horn disruption lesions in four dairy herds using two different trimming techniques: A case study","volume":"287","author":"Capion","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73327-5","article-title":"The effect of preventive trimming on weight bearing and force balance on the claws of dairy cattle","volume":"87","author":"Metz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103155","article-title":"Effect of early lactation foot trimming in lame and non-lame dairy heifers: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"177","author":"Maxwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Charfeddine, N., Alsaaod, M., Burgstaller, J., Christen, A.-M., De Jong, G., Egger-Danner, C., Fiedler, A., Heringstad, B., Holzhauer, M., and Kofler, J. (2016, January 24\u201328). Guidelines for the validation and use of claw health data. Proceedings of the ICAR Technical Series no. 21, 40th ICAR Biennial Session, Puerto Varas, Chile. Available online: https:\/\/www.icar.org\/Documents\/technical_series\/ICAR-Technical-Series-no-21-Puerto-Varas\/Charfeddine.pdf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(96)80086-8","article-title":"Sole haemorrhages in dairy heifers managed under different underfoot and environmental conditions","volume":"152","author":"Vermunt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73797-7","article-title":"Prevalence of claw disorders in Dutch dairy cows exposed to several floor systems","volume":"86","author":"Somers","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-634","article-title":"The effect of heat stress and lameness on time budgets of lactating dairy cows","volume":"90","author":"Cook","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3716","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-876","article-title":"Dairy cow preferences for soft or hard flooring when standing or walking","volume":"90","author":"Telezhenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E156","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)70210-X","article-title":"Effect of animal grouping on feeding behavior and intake of dairy cattle","volume":"84","author":"Grant","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2005.03.005","article-title":"Prevalence of claw lesions in Norwegian dairy cattle housed in tie stalls and free stalls","volume":"70","author":"Sogstad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.12.006","article-title":"White-line disease and haemorrhages in hooves of Finnish dairy cattle","volume":"94","author":"Kujala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2005.05.001","article-title":"Risk factors for interdigital dermatitis and heel erosion in dairy cows kept in cubicle houses in The Netherlands","volume":"71","author":"Somers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6457","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5335","article-title":"Infection dynamics of digital dermatitis in first-lactation Holstein cows in an infected herd","volume":"95","author":"Capion","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2017.02.002","article-title":"Clinical perspectives of digital dermatitis in dairy and beef cattle","volume":"33","author":"Plummer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Food Anim."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.07.006","article-title":"Claw health and prevalence of lameness in cows from compost bedded and cubicle freestall dairy barns in Austria","volume":"216","author":"Burgstaller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.003","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence and impact of SARA in dairy herds","volume":"172","author":"Kleen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/8\/1418\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:20:11Z","timestamp":1760124011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/8\/1418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13081418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13081418","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]}}}