{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T17:07:27Z","timestamp":1793639247285,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"donations of the German Kooiker Club"},{"name":"Kooiker Club of the United Kingdom"},{"name":"Swiss Kooiker Club"},{"name":"Dutch Kooiker Club"},{"name":"Dutch dogfood company Farm Food"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Dutch Kooiker dog (het Nederlandse Kooikerhondje) is one of nine Dutch dog breeds. As of 1960, a number of heritable diseases have been noted in this breed. One is an inflammatory myopathy that emerged in 1972, with numbers of affected dogs gradually increasing during the last few decades. The objective of this paper is to describe clinical signs, laboratory results, electromyography and histopathology of the muscle biopsies of the affected dogs. Method: Both retrospectively as well as prospectively affected Kooiker dogs were identified and categorized using a Tiered level of Confidence. Results: In total, 160 Kooiker dogs\u201440 Tier I, 33 Tier II and 87 Tier III\u2014were included. Clinical signs were (1) locomotory problems, such as inability to walk long distances, difficulty getting up, stiff gait, walking on eggshells; (2) dysphagia signs such as drooling, difficulty eating and\/or drinking; or (3) combinations of locomotory and dysphagia signs. CK activities were elevated in all except for one dog. Histopathology revealed a predominant lymphohistiocytic myositis with a usually low and variable number of eosinophils, neutrophils and plasma cells. It is concluded that, within this breed, a most likely heritable inflammatory myopathy occurs. Further studies are needed to classify this inflammatory myopathy, discuss its treatment, and unravel the genetic cause of this disease to eradicate it from this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13091508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T12:08:31Z","timestamp":1682942911000},"page":"1508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An Inflammatory Myopathy in the Dutch Kooiker Dog"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yvet","family":"Opmeer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Expertise Centre of Genetics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1583-9648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy C. M.","family":"Grinwis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Diane","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1485-1610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Rosati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Alf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hille","family":"Fieten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expertise Centre of Genetics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A. J.","family":"Leegwater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expertise Centre of Genetics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaspar","family":"Matiasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2547-6673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J. J.","family":"Mandigers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expertise Centre of Genetics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"65S","article-title":"Hereditary Kooiker dog ataxia","volume":"118","author":"Mandigers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Tijdschr. Voor Diergeneeskd."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Stipriaan, R. (2021). De Zwijger. Het Leven van Willem van Oranje, Querido."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Snels, C. (2022). 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