{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:08:16Z","timestamp":1790813296530,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been widely reported for reproductive imaging in humans and animals. This review aims to analyze the utility of CEUS in characterizing canine reproductive physiology and pathologies. In September 2022, a search for articles about CEUS in canine testicles, prostate, uterus, placenta, and mammary glands was conducted on PubMed and Scopus from 1990 to 2022, showing 36 total results. CEUS differentiated testicular abnormalities and neoplastic lesions, but it could not characterize tumors. In prostatic diseases, CEUS in dogs was widely studied in animal models for prostatic cancer treatment. In veterinary medicine, this diagnostic tool could distinguish prostatic adenocarcinomas. In ovaries, CEUS differentiated the follicular phases. In CEH-pyometra syndrome, it showed a different enhancement between endometrium and cysts, and highlighted angiogenesis. CEUS was shown to be safe in pregnant dogs and was able to assess normal and abnormal fetal\u2013maternal blood flow and placental dysfunction. In normal mammary glands, CEUS showed vascularization only in diestrus, with differences between mammary glands. CEUS was not specific for neoplastic versus non-neoplastic masses and for benign tumors, except for complex carcinomas and neoplastic vascularization. Works on CEUS showed its usefulness in a wide spectrum of pathologies of this non-invasive, reliable diagnostic procedure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T01:05:10Z","timestamp":1683853510000},"page":"1615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography (CEUS) in Imaging of the Reproductive System in Dogs: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Letizia","family":"Sinagra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Orlandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anicura Tyrus Clinica Veterinaria, Via Bartocci 1G, 05100 Terni, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1801-4454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Caspanello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2192-6115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Troisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93\/95, 62024 Macerata, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola Maria","family":"Iannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Clinica Veterinaria Camagna\u2014VetPartners, Via Fortunato Licandro 13, 89124 Reggio di Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9853-4358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Vallesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anicura Tyrus Clinica Veterinaria, Via Bartocci 1G, 05100 Terni, Italy"},{"name":"Anicura CMV Clinica Veterinaria, Via G.B. Aguggiari 162, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2153-6731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Pettina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bargellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anicura Tyrus Clinica Veterinaria, Via Bartocci 1G, 05100 Terni, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4527-7030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"De Majo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Boiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyrus Science Foundation, Via Bartocci 1G, 05100 Terni, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5909-7837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santo","family":"Cristarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4812-0402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Quartuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Polisca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13260","article-title":"The European Academy of Andrology (EAA) Ultrasound Study on Healthy, Fertile Men: An Overview on Male Genital Tract Ultrasound Reference Ranges","volume":"10","author":"Lotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13217","article-title":"The European Academy of Andrology (EAA) Ultrasound Study on Healthy, Fertile Men: Prostate-vesicular Transrectal Ultrasound Reference Ranges and Associations with Clinical, Seminal and Biochemical Characteristics","volume":"10","author":"Lotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-022-04088-y","article-title":"The Evolving Role of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Urology: A Review","volume":"41","author":"Salib","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. 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