{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:37:55Z","timestamp":1789094275894,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Fishery Products Quality Management Service (Development of quarantine &amp; disease control program for aquatic life)","award":["NFQS 2023001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NFQS 2023001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most problematic pathogen in crustaceans. In this study, we investigated the horizontal transmission model of WSSV based on the correlation between the disease severity grade and viral shedding rate and determined the minimum infective dose of WSSV via the waterborne route. Intramuscular injection challenges at different doses and water temperatures revealed that the thresholds of viral shedding and mortality were G1 (3.1 \u00d7 103 copies\/mg) and G2 (8.5 \u00d7 104 copies\/mg), respectively. Furthermore, a positive linear correlation was observed between viral copies of pleopods and viral shedding rate (y = 0.7076x + 1.414; p &lt; 0.001). Minimum infective doses of WSSV were determined via an immersion challenge. Infection was observed within 1, 3, and 7 d in 105-, 103-, and 101 copies\/mL of seawater, respectively. In the cohabitation challenge, infection was observed within six days with viral loads of 101 to 102 copies\/mL of seawater, which further increased in the recipient group. Our results indicate a positive correlation between disease severity grade and viral shedding rate of infected shrimp and suggest that the waterborne transmission of WSSV depends on the viral load and exposure period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T06:32:58Z","timestamp":1684391578000},"page":"1676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Evaluation of the Horizontal Transmission of White Spot Syndrome Virus for Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Based on the Disease Severity Grade and Viral Shedding Rate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7190-5825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Jae","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Ok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongyeong Regional Office, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service (NFQS), Tongyeong 53019, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwang-Il","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service (NFQS), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mun-Gyeong","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service (NFQS), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7003-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwang-Il","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2012.03.004","article-title":"Historic emergence, impact and current status of shrimp pathogens in Asia","volume":"110","author":"Flegel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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