{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T08:03:17Z","timestamp":1777968197325,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Melbourne Graduate Research Scholarship"},{"name":"University of Melbourne"},{"name":"Racing Victoria Ltd."},{"name":"Victorian Racing Industry Fund of the Victoria State Government"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Musculoskeletal injuries in racehorses are difficult to detect prior to catastrophic breakdown. Lameness is commonly attributed to orthopaedic pain in horses, therefore, subtle lameness may be a pre-clinical sign of injury and, if identified early, could allow for preventative intervention. Our objective was to determine if facial expressions could be used to detect mild lameness as an indicator of orthopaedic pain in \u2018fit to race\u2019 horses. The Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) and the facial expressions in ridden horses (FEReq), were used to score images (n = 380) of mildly lame (n = 21) and non-lame (n = 17) Thoroughbred horses by two independent observers. Using an Equinosis Lameness Locator\u00ae, the lameness status of each horse was determined according to published thresholds [forelimb lameness (&gt;|14.5 mm|) and hindlimb lameness (&gt;|7.5 mm|)]. Inter and intraobserver reliability were assessed using two-way random-effects models. Univariable associations between lameness and facial expression parameters were identified using logistic and linear regression. Interobserver reliability was moderate (\u03ba 0.45; 95% CI 0.36, 0.55). Horses with moderate mouth strain (HGS) and tense and extended upper lip (FEReq) were less likely to be lame (p = 0.042 and p = 0.027, respectively). Exposed sclera was associated with lameness (p = 0.045). Higher orbital tightening (HGS) scores were associated with a lower degree of maximum head amplitude (HDmax) lameness (p = 0.044). Tension and moderate tension above the eye, for the HGS and FEReq scores, were associated with increasing amplitude of HDmax (p = 0.048 and p = 0.034, respectively). Inconsistent associations between lameness status and HGS and FEReq scores may limit the potential use of the facial expression for the prediction of mild orthopaedic pain during pre-race lameness examinations. More objective parameters associated with mild orthopaedic pain should be explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T09:13:50Z","timestamp":1684833230000},"page":"1727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Poor Association between Facial Expression and Mild Lameness in Thoroughbred Trot-Up Examinations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Katrina A.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2776-4273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashleigh V.","family":"Morrice-West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3231-590X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelene S. M.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Walmsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"},{"name":"Avenel Equine Hospital, 34 Ferguson Lane, Avenel, VIC 3664, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2505-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Science Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0012-4065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Chris","family":"Whitton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7528-7056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peta L.","family":"Hitchens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2018.04.013","article-title":"Lameness Evaluation of the Athletic Horse","volume":"34","author":"Davidson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. 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