{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:38:18Z","timestamp":1787013498125,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research sought to determine the effect of selected milk protein polymorphisms on the reproduction parameters of 598 black and white Polish Holstein\u2013Friesian cattle. The analyzed genes were kappa-casein (CSN3) and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG). The following reproductive indexes were selected: the age at first calving, the interpregnancy period, the calving interval, and the insemination index. The influence of the identified genotypes on the course of parturition in cows was also analyzed. Source data were collected for each cow from the beginning of the herd life and reproduction to its culling from the herd or the end of its third lactation. Data on the age at first calving, the amount of semen portions for artificial insemination (insemination index), the interpregnancy period, and the calving interval for each cow were also collected. A contingency analysis was performed through contingency tables using a Pearson\u2019s chi-squared test for each CSN3 and BLG genotype. The results show that the BB genotype of the kappa-casein gene was associated with the most favorable values of reproductive indicators. In the case of the calving interval, the values were significantly more favorable than those of other genotypes (p \u2264 0.05). No effect of beta-lactoglobulin polymorphism on the analyzed reproductive indices was observed. On the other hand, in the case of the interpregnancy period, significant statistical differences were obtained between the AA and BB genotypes. The analyzed kappa-casein and beta-lactoglobulin genotypes did not significantly influence the course of parturition in cows. To conclude, the genotype polymorphism BB CSN3 is the most favorable for the performance of the cows in the examined herd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T10:51:56Z","timestamp":1684839116000},"page":"1729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Relationship between Milk Protein Polymorphism and Selected Cows\u2019 Reproductive Indices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3229-1183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Czerniawska-Pi\u0105tkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Cioch-Szklarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1908-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3529-8404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcjanna","family":"Wrzeci\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"W\u00f3jcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6842-932X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W\u0142adys\u0142aw","family":"Kordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1232-3160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Pedro","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua D. Mendo Afonso, 147 Ref\u00f3ios do Lima, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0022-2749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim L.","family":"Cerqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua D. Mendo Afonso, 147 Ref\u00f3ios do Lima, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Kossakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0825-3064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Cwynar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6751-0978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Sablik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4897","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b00204","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow\u2019s Milk","volume":"67","author":"Foroutan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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