{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:00:23Z","timestamp":1783004423957,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the increasing expansion into urban and rural areas, wild boars represent a potential source of infection with zoonotic and animal-specific parasites for both humans and animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the serological prevalence to Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis in blood samples from wild boars (Sus scrofa) hunted in an anthropized area in Italy. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were used to detect antibodies anti-T. gondii and anti-S. scabiei and an immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) for antibodies anti-N. caninum. 81 out of 128 wild boars (P = 63.3%) resulted positive for at least one of the three parasites. 68 of them were seropositive to T. gondii (P = 53.1%) and 14 to N. caninum (P = 10.9%). 9 wild boars resulted seropositive to S. scabiei var. suis (P = 7.0%). Sampling season was the only significant risk factor related to S. scabiei var. suis seroprevalence (OR = 7.8). The high occurrence of T. gondii supports the role of this species as a source of infection for other animals and humans. Furthermore, the serological prevalence of N. caninum and S. scabiei var. suis in wild boars from the study area characterized by the presence of numerous dairy cattle and pig farms is relevant to demonstrate its suitability for the circulation of these parasites both in domestic and wild species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T01:29:26Z","timestamp":1684891766000},"page":"1730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Serological Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) Hunted in a Highly Anthropized Area in Italy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2013-3997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Villa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0780-3637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Allievi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4293-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia Libera","family":"Gazzonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giordano","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, Via Cardinal Massaia 7, 26100 Cremona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Gradassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, Via Cardinal Massaia 7, 26100 Cremona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5741-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio Aurelio","family":"Zanzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9623-9475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Manfredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"319","article-title":"Meat from wild ungulates: Ensuring quality and hygiene of an increasing resource","volume":"9","author":"Ramanzin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-70","article-title":"A survey of the transmission of infectious diseases\/infections between wild and domestic ungulates in Europe","volume":"42","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12369","article-title":"A review of the current status of relevant zoonotic pathogens in wild swine (Sus scrofa) populations: Changes modulating the risk of transmission to humans","volume":"64","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.04.002","article-title":"A review of neosporosis and pathologic findings of Neospora caninum infection in wildlife","volume":"4","author":"Donahoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol-Par."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey, J.P. (2021). Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans, CRC Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003199373"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04769-4","article-title":"Outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans: Five decades of personal experience, perspectives and lessons learned","volume":"14","author":"Dubey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"EFSA (2007). Scientific opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards on a request from EFSA on surveillance and monitoring of Toxoplasma in humans, foods and animals. EFSA J., 583, 1\u201364."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: From animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"Tenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5705-6","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in sympatric domestic and wild ungulates in the Mediterranean ecosystem","volume":"117","author":"Paniagua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa285","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis outbreak associated with Toxoplasma gondii-contaminated venison\u2014High attack aate, unusual clinical presentation, and atypical genotype","volume":"72","author":"Schumacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.07.013","article-title":"The global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among wild boars: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"244","author":"Rostami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2013048","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from Central Italy","volume":"20","author":"Ranucci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-196","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in sympatric wild herbivores and carnivores: Epidemiology of infection in the Western Alps","volume":"7","author":"Ferroglio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites. Vectors."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"141","article-title":"Prevalence of IgG against hepatitis E virus, Salmonella spp., and Toxoplasma gondii in meat juice samples from wild boars hunted in Southern Italy","volume":"65","author":"Sarno","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food. Saf. Food. Qual."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5908-5","article-title":"Occurrence of selected zoonotic food-borne parasites and first molecular identification of Alaria alata in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Italy","volume":"117","author":"Gazzonis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2478\/macvetrev-2018-0012","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and potentially zoonotic helminths in wild boars (Sus scrofa) hunted in central Italy","volume":"41","author":"Papini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maced. Vet. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey, J.P., Hemphill, A., Calero-Bernal, R., and Schares, G. (2017). Neosporosis in Animals, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315152561"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.08.012","article-title":"A review of the infection, genetics, and evolution of Neospora caninum: From the past to the present","volume":"13","author":"Goodswen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2003.41.1.1","article-title":"Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals","volume":"41","author":"Dubey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2018.06.008","article-title":"First detection of anti-Besnoitia spp specific antibodies in horses and donkeys in Italy","volume":"67","author":"Villa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazzonis, A.L., Villa, L., Manfredi, M.T., and Zanzani, S.A. (2020). Spatial analysis of infections by Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) in small ruminants in northern Italy. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9110916"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07457-z","article-title":"Prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in fattening pigs and sows from intensive farms in northern Italy","volume":"121","author":"Villa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almer\u00eda, S. (2013). Neospora caninum and wildlife. Int. Sch. Res. Notices., 947347.","DOI":"10.5402\/2013\/947347"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.06.022","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum antibodies in wild boars in the Czech Republic","volume":"142","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.027","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in non-carnivorous wildlife from Spain","volume":"143","author":"Vidal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"255","article-title":"Wild boar (Sus scrofa)\u2014reservoir host of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Slovakia","volume":"61","author":"Hisira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2506.181431","article-title":"Absence of Neospora caninum DNA in human clinical samples, Spain","volume":"25","author":"Horcajo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109986","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1109986","article-title":"Congenital transmission of Neospora caninum in wild ungulates and foxes","volume":"10","author":"Zanet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2234-1","article-title":"A review of Sarcoptes scabiei: Past, present and future","volume":"10","author":"Arlian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites. Vectors."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-021-00348-6","article-title":"Scabies as a part of the World Health Organization roadmap for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030: What we know and what we need to do for global control","volume":"49","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moroni, B., Rossi, L., Bernigaud, C., and Guillot, J. (2022). Zoonotic episodes of scabies: A global overview. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020213"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00020","article-title":"First detection of sarcoptic mange in free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Switzerland","volume":"157","author":"Haas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. F\u00fcr Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-09-222","article-title":"Evaluation of a Commercial ELISA for the detection of antibodies to Sarcoptes scabiei in wild boar (Sus scrofa)","volume":"51","author":"Haas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wild. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haas, C., Origgi, F.C., Rossi, S., L\u00f3pez-Olvera, J.R., Rossi, L., Castillo-Contreras, R., Malmsten, A., Dalin, A.M., Orusa, R., and Robetto, S. (2018). Serological survey in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Switzerland and other European countries: Sarcoptes scabiei may be more widely distributed than previously thought. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1430-3"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.10.007","article-title":"Human and environmental factors driving Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in wild boar (Sus scrofa)","volume":"141","author":"Lizana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12821","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild ungulates that cohabit in a natural park with human-animal interaction in the Mediterranean ecosystem","volume":"68","author":"Prieto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zoonosis Public Health."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01395.x","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in Switzerland: A serosurvey based on meat juice analysis of slaughtered pigs, wild boar, sheep and cattle","volume":"58","author":"Bernet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2015017","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in wild boars, red deer and roe deer in Poland","volume":"22","author":"Witkowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasite."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814002891","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Sweden and evaluation of ELISA test performance","volume":"143","author":"Wallander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.05.018","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in pigs\u2014The last 20 years","volume":"164","author":"Dubey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Opsteegh, M., Swart, A., Fonville, M., Dekkers, L., and van der Giessen, J. (2011). Age-related Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in Dutch wild boar inconsistent with lifelong persistence of antibodies. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016240"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"346","article-title":"Detection of zoonotic protozoa Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis suihominis in wild boars from Spain","volume":"63","author":"Reina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12702","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in wild boar and deer in Brandenburg, Germany","volume":"67","author":"Bier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-019-0440-x","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in extensively farmed wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Denmark","volume":"61","author":"Laforet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3187.1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) and wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Latvia","volume":"99","author":"Deksne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1152071","article-title":"Survey of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in meat juice of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in several districts of the Czech Republic","volume":"22","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Agr. Env. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2017.003","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in hunted wild boars (Sus scrofa) from southeastern France","volume":"64","author":"Roqueplo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2013). Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from farmed game. EFSA J., 11, 3264.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2013.3264"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5736-z","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection and biosecurity levels in fattening pigs and sows: Serological and molecular epidemiology in the intensive pig industry (Lombardy, northern Italy)","volume":"17","author":"Gazzonis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06878-y","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in beef cattle raised in Italy: A multicenter study","volume":"119","author":"Gazzonis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102060","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat-producing small ruminants: Meat juice serology and genotyping","volume":"76","author":"Gazzonis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4081\/ijfs.2010.8.31","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii cysts from wild boar muscles: Does it represent a risk for ready to eat food?","volume":"1","author":"Pinto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ital. J. Food. Saf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2512","article-title":"Wild boar: A reservoir of foodborne zoonoses","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06249-2","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of Sarcocystis miescheriana and Sarcocystis suihominis in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Italy","volume":"118","author":"Gazzonis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"EFSA (2018). Scientific Opinion on public health risks associated with food-borne parasites. EFSA J., 16, 5495."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-02-034","article-title":"Neospora caninum exposure in overlapping populations of coyotes (Canis latrans) and feral swine (Sus scrofa)","volume":"49","author":"Bevins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Wild. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.v53i1p112-116","article-title":"Occurrence of antibodies against Neospora caninum in wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in the Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil","volume":"53","author":"Soares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1998.tb01374.x","article-title":"Experimental porcine neosporosis","volume":"106","author":"Jensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.108934","article-title":"Does Neospora caninum cause reproductive problems in pigs?","volume":"275","author":"Snak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04557-6","article-title":"Spatial distance between sites of sampling associated with genetic variation among Neospora caninum in aborted bovine foetuses from northern Italy","volume":"14","author":"Villa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villa, L., Gazzonis, A.L., Fumagalli, E., Zanzani, S.A., and Manfredi, M.T. (2022). The utility of serological analysis for Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle farms management: Serological investigation and evaluation of the effects on reproductive and productive performances in two study herds in northern Italy. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12060786"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"100522","article-title":"Serosurvey of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in wild boars (Sus scrofa), hunting dogs and hunters of Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Kmetiuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.24.754","article-title":"Prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in wild ruminants from the Italian Alps","volume":"148","author":"Ferroglio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.06.031","article-title":"Evidence of Neospora caninum DNA in wild rodents","volume":"148","author":"Ferroglio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.05.014","article-title":"Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection in invasive eastern cottontail rabbits Sylvilagus floridanus in northwestern Italy","volume":"197","author":"Zanet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2018.10.002","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in raptors from Italy: Seroepidemiology and risk factors analysis","volume":"60","author":"Gazzonis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazzonis, A.L., Villa, L., Lubian, E., Ressegotti, S., Grilli, G., Raimondi, S., Zanzani, S.A., and Manfredi, M.T. (2021). Molecular survey on Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection in wild birds of prey. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040736"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22224","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.22224","article-title":"Development of resistance to sarcoptic mange in ibex","volume":"86","author":"Soriguer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manage."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04979-w","article-title":"First report of interspecifc transmission of sarcoptic mange from Iberian ibex to wild boar","volume":"14","author":"Valldeperes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1335","article-title":"Sarcoptic mange in wildlife","volume":"21","author":"Pence","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"57","article-title":"La rogna sarcoptica nell\u2019allevamento suino: Appunti di diagnosi e programmi di controllo per l\u2019eradicazione della malattia","volume":"6","author":"Genchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Large Anim. Rev."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/11\/1730\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:40:35Z","timestamp":1760125235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/11\/1730"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13111730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13111730","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]}}}