{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T09:41:44Z","timestamp":1783762904655,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IVC Evidensia\u2019s"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A 2-year-old female neutered Old German Shepherd was presented for acute non-ambulatory tetraparesis. Upon presentation to the emergency department, hematology and biochemical blood tests revealed no abnormalities aside from mildly elevated C-reactive protein levels (22.5 mg\/L, reference range 0.0\u201310.0) and immeasurable creatine kinase (CK) activity. Neurological evaluation the next day revealed ambulatory tetraparesis, general proprioceptive deficits, mild ataxia and dubious diffuse myalgia. Withdrawal reflexes were weak on both thoracic and pelvic limbs. The CK was determined to be significantly elevated at that point (32.856 U\/L, ref. range 10.0\u2013200.0). Urinalysis revealed no abnormalities. An electromyographic (EMG) study of thoracic limb, paraspinal and pelvic limb muscles revealed no abnormalities. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the cervicothoracic spinal cord was performed and revealed no abnormalities. A presumptive clinical diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis without myoglobinuria or EMG abnormalities was formed. Muscular biopsies were declined due to the rapid clinical improvement of the dog. A follow-up showed the progressive decline of CK activity to normal values and clinical remission of signs. A diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was concluded based on clinical signs, consistent CK activity elevations and the response to supportive treatment for rhabdomyolysis, despite the absence of myoglobinuria and EMG abnormalities. Rhabdomyolysis should not be excluded based on the lack of EMG abnormalities or myoglobinuria in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T01:36:28Z","timestamp":1684978588000},"page":"1747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clinical Diagnosis of Rhabdomyolysis without Myoglobinuria or Electromyographic Abnormalities in a Dog"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7552-216X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen Maurits","family":"Santifort","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IVC Evidensia Small Animal Referral Hospital Arnhem, 6825 MB Arnhem, The Netherlands"},{"name":"IVC Evidensia Small Animal Referral Hospital Hart van Brabant, 5144 AM Waalwijk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1494-4267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Plonek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVC Evidensia Small Animal Referral Hospital Arnhem, 6825 MB Arnhem, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2547-6673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J. J.","family":"Mandigers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVC Evidensia Small Animal Referral Hospital Arnhem, 6825 MB Arnhem, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.04.007","article-title":"Risk factors and future directions for preventing and diagnosing exertional rhabdomyolysis","volume":"31","author":"Carneiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1314-5","article-title":"Beyond muscle destruction: A systematic review of rhabdomyolysis for clinical practice","volume":"20","author":"Chavez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. 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