{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:34:49Z","timestamp":1790303689645,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health Ricerca Corrente","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"EU funding","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common viral pathogen found in domestic cats. FCV is highly contagious and demonstrates a high genetic variability. Upper respiratory tract disease, oral ulcerations, salivation, and gingivitis\u2013stomatitis have been regarded as typical clinical signs of FCV infection. Ulcerative dermatitis, abortion, severe pneumonia, enteritis, chronic stomatitis, and virulent systemic disease have been reported more sporadically. Limping syndrome has been also described either in naturally or experimentally FCV-infected cats. In this study, we monitored a small outbreak of FCV infection in two household cats, in which limping disease was monitored with a 12-day lag time. The complete genome sequence was determined for the viruses isolated from the oropharyngeal and rectal swabs of the two animals, mapping up to 39 synonymous nucleotide mutations. The four isolates were sensitive to low pH conditions and trypsin treatment, a pattern usually associated with viruses isolated from the upper respiratory tract. Overall, the asynchronous pattern of infections and the results of genome sequencing suggest that a virus of respiratory origin was transmitted between the animals and that the FCV strain was able to retain the limping disease pathotype during the transmission chain, as previously observed in experimental studies with FCV strains associated with lameness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:16:04Z","timestamp":1685204164000},"page":"1778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["An Outbreak of Limping Syndrome Associated with Feline Calicivirus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4614-677X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianvito","family":"Lanave","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1044-2027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Buonavoglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0026-8472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6192-7166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Di Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7190-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Di Profio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Diakoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9594-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Catella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6421-5041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violetta I.","family":"Vasinioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6104-677X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Cardone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacinto","family":"Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andriavet Veterinary Clinic, 76123 Andria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5740-6947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito","family":"Martella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Camero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001332","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Caliciviridae","volume":"100","author":"Estes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Green, C., and Chalker, V. (2012). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, Saunders Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-74-11-2519","article-title":"Analysis of Feline Calicivirus Capsid Protein Genes: Identification of Variable Antigenic Determinant Regions of the Protein","volume":"74","author":"Seal","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0579","article-title":"Identification and Genomic Mapping of the ORF3 and VPg Proteins in Feline Calicivirus Virions","volume":"277","author":"Sosnovtsev","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.05.004","article-title":"Feline Calicivirus Infection: ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management","volume":"11","author":"Radford","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, A., Willi, B., Meli, M.L., Boretti, F.S., Hartnack, S., Dreyfus, A., Lutz, H., and Hofmann-Lehmann, R. (2015). Feline Calicivirus and Other Respiratory Pathogens in Cats with Feline Calicivirus-Related Symptoms and in Clinically Healthy Cats in Switzerland. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0595-2"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11356","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00701-12","article-title":"Large-Scale Spatial and Temporal Genetic Diversity of Feline Calicivirus","volume":"86","author":"Coyne","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01702662","article-title":"Capsid Protein Gene Sequence of Feline Calicivirus Isolates 255 and LLK: Further Evidence for Capsid Protein Configuration among Feline Caliciviruses","volume":"9","author":"Seal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Hosie, M.J., Hartmann, K., Egberink, H., Truyen, U., Tasker, S., Bel\u00e1k, S., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Frymus, T., and Lloret, A. (2022). Calicivirus Infection in Cats. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050937"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-015-0178-z","article-title":"Ability of Vaccine Strain Induced Antibodies to Neutralize Field Isolates of Caliciviruses from Swedish Cats","volume":"57","author":"Wensman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2019). Bergmann; Speck; Rieger; Truyen; Hartmann Antibody Response to Feline Calicivirus Vaccination in Healthy Adult Cats. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11080702"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(94)90095-7","article-title":"Acute Arthritis of Cats Associated with Feline Calicivirus Infection","volume":"56","author":"Dawson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(96)01344-2","article-title":"Comparison of the Primary Signs Induced by Experimental Exposure to Either a Pneumotrophic or a \u2018Limping\u2019 Strain of Feline Calicivirus","volume":"56","author":"TerWee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"26","article-title":"A Transient Febrile Limping Syndrome of Kittens Caused by Two Different Strains of Feline Calicivirus","volume":"13","author":"Pedersen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Feline Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.124.13.329","article-title":"Detection of Feline Calicivirus Antigens in the Joints of Infected Cats","volume":"124","author":"Bennett","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2017.10.001","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Feline Calicivirus in Clinical Samples: A Study Comparing Its Detection by RT-QPCR Directly from Swabs and after Virus Isolation","volume":"251","author":"Meli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.09.017","article-title":"A Novel Nested PCR for the Diagnosis of Calicivirus Infections in the Cat","volume":"105","author":"Marsilio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.2.519-523.2002","article-title":"Quantification of Feline Herpesvirus 1 DNA in Ocular Fluid Samples of Clinically Diseased Cats by Real-Time TaqMan PCR","volume":"40","author":"Vogtlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0449","article-title":"Analysis of FeLV-FAIDS Provirus Burden and Productive Infection in Lymphocyte Subsets In Vivo","volume":"223","author":"Quackenbush","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.10.009","article-title":"Validation of Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Tests for Diagnosing Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Domestic Cats Using Bayesian Latent Class Models","volume":"104","author":"Morton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13605","article-title":"Identification of Feline Calicivirus in Cats with Enteritis","volume":"67","author":"Lanave","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunet, S., Sigoillot-Claude, C., Pialot, D., and Poulet, H. (2019). Multiple Correspondence Analysis on Amino Acid Properties within the Variable Region of the Capsid Protein Shows Differences between Classical and Virulent Systemic Feline Calicivirus Strains. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11121090"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-022-09933-4","article-title":"Natural Cases of Polyarthritis Associated with Feline Calicivirus Infection in Cats","volume":"46","author":"Balboni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00346","article-title":"An Update on Feline Calicivirus","volume":"164","author":"Spiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82488-0","article-title":"Feline Caliciviruses (FCVs) Isolated from Cats with Virulent Systemic Disease Possess in Vitro Phenotypes Distinct from Those of Other FCV Isolates","volume":"88","author":"Ossiboff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordicchia, M., Fumian, T.M., Van Brussel, K., Russo, A.G., Carrai, M., Le, S.-J., Pesavento, P.A., Holmes, E.C., Martella, V., and White, P. (2021). Feline Calicivirus Virulent Systemic Disease: Clinical Epidemiology, Analysis of Viral Isolates and In Vitro Efficacy of Novel Antivirals in Australian Outbreaks. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202108.0341.v1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(74)90065-6","article-title":"Experimental Infections with Feline Caliciviruses (Picornaviruses) in Specific-Pathogen-Free Kittens","volume":"84","author":"Povey","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(92)90087-A","article-title":"Different Stabilities to Bile among Feline Calicivirus Strains of Respiratory and Enteric Origin","volume":"31","author":"Mochizuki","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(97)01440-8","article-title":"Genetic and Antigenic Heterogeneity among Feline Calicivirus Isolates from Distinct Disease Manifestations","volume":"48","author":"Geissler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00183-8","article-title":"An Isolated Epizootic of Hemorrhagic-like Fever in Cats Caused by a Novel and Highly Virulent Strain of Feline Calicivirus","volume":"73","author":"Pedersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050021","article-title":"Comparison between Acute Oral\/Respiratory and Chronic Stomatitis\/Gingivitis Isolates of Feline Calicivirus: Pathogenicity, Antigenic Profile and Cross-Neutralisation Studies","volume":"145","author":"Poulet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Pedersen, N., Pool, R., and Morgan, J. (1983). Textbook of Verterinary Internal Medicine, Ettinger."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"609","article-title":"Lameness in Kittens after Vaccination","volume":"125","author":"Church","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.201.05.753","article-title":"Isolation of Calicivirus from the Joint of a Kitten with Arthritis","volume":"201","author":"Levy","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.133.1.13","article-title":"Typing of Feline Calicivirus Isolates from Different Clinical Groups by Virus Neutralisation Tests","volume":"133","author":"Dawson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(03)00025-1","article-title":"Update on Feline Calicivirus: New Trends","volume":"33","author":"Hurley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(99)90037-3","article-title":"Inactivation of Feline Calicivirus, a Norwalk Virus Surrogate","volume":"41","author":"Doultree","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006056","article-title":"Feline Calicivirus","volume":"38","author":"Radford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(87)90021-0","article-title":"Microheterogeneity Forms of Alpha1-Acid Glycoprotein as Indicators of Rheumatoid Arthritis Activity","volume":"163","author":"Mackiewicz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, J., Kang, H., Huang, J., Li, Z., Pan, Y., Li, Y., Chen, S., Zhang, J., Yin, H., and Qu, L. (2020). Feline Calicivirus Strain 2280 P30 Antagonizes Type I Interferon-Mediated Antiviral Innate Immunity through Directly Degrading IFNAR1 MRNA. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008944"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/11\/1778\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:43:12Z","timestamp":1760125392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/11\/1778"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13111778"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13111778","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]}}}