{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:11:10Z","timestamp":1787065870965,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University","award":["R000024548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R000024548"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University","award":["59\/2566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59\/2566"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["R000024548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R000024548"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["59\/2566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59\/2566"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris\u00a0tigris) is critically endangered, so assisted reproductive technologies, including artificial insemination, are important conservation tools. For wild and domestic felids, electroejaculation (EE) is the most common semen collection method, with protocols optimized to obtain sufficient amounts of viable sperm for artificial insemination. However, less attention has been paid to ensuring animal wellbeing during the process. This study examined the effects of three EE protocols (Low, 2\u20135 volts; Medium, 3\u20136 volts; High, 4\u20137 volts) on semen quality, testicular size, serum testosterone, creatine kinase (CK), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, and serum cortisol as a proxy for stress. Blood samples were collected before, during, and after each EE series. Seminal plasma pH, and sperm motility, viability, and morphology were evaluated after each procedure. Seminal plasma and sperm pellet MDA concentrations were also determined. Primary sperm abnormalities and seminal plasma MDA were higher in the Low compared to Medium and High voltage groups (p &lt; 0.05). Serum CK in the High voltage group increased during the EE series (p &lt; 0.05), suggesting the potential for muscle damage. However, no significant changes were observed for serum cortisol, testosterone, or MDA concentrations. Results suggest the Medium voltage protocol produced good quality samples at lower voltages than the High protocol with no negative effect on muscle function, which might be better for animal welfare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13121893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T01:38:41Z","timestamp":1686101921000},"page":"1893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of Electroejaculation Protocols on Semen Quality and Concentrations of Testosterone, Cortisol, Malondialdehyde, and Creatine Kinase in Captive Bengal Tigers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jaruwan","family":"Khonmee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University-Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3898-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University-Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anabel L\u00f3pez","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University-Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Elephant Conservation Center, Sayaboury 08000, Laos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teepakorn","family":"Lertwichaikul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anucha","family":"Sathanawongs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patchara","family":"Pornnimitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanakan","family":"Areewong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tiger Kingdom Chiang Mai, Khum Suea Trakan Co., Ltd., Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1177-5963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarawee","family":"Supanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University-Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9870-7773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veerasak","family":"Punyapornwithaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6749-7694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songphon","family":"Buddhasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University-Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khanittha","family":"Punturee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Goodrich, J., Lynam, A., Miquelle, D., Wibisono, H., Kawanishi, K., Pattanavibool, A., Htun, S., Tempa, T., Karki, J., and Jhala, Y. (2015). Panthera tigris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: E. T15955A50659951, The IUCN Red List."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Smith, J., Tunhikorn, S., Tanhan, S., Simcharoen, S., and Kanchanasaka, B. (1999). Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.02040.x","article-title":"Deforestation trends in a tropical landscape and implications for endangered large mammals","volume":"17","author":"Kinnaird","year":"2003","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-004-0273-9","article-title":"Developing a national tiger action plan for the Union of Myanmar","volume":"37","author":"Lynam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"572","article-title":"Tiger bone and rhino horn: The destruction of wildlife for traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"93","author":"Esty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130496","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0496","article-title":"Demographic loss, genetic structure and the conservation implications for Indian tigers","volume":"280","author":"Mondol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Pisdamkham, C., Prayurasiddhi, T., Kanchanasaka, B., Maneesai, R., Simcharoen, S., Pattanavibool, A., Duangchantrasiri, S., Simcharoen, A., Pattanavibool, R., and Maneerat, S. (2010). Thailand Tiger Action Plan, 2010\u20132022, Department of National Parks, Wildlife, and Plant Conservation."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Evans, C., and Evans, L. (2009). Bangkok & Beyond: Adventures in Thailand, Hunter Pub."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1090.2003.tb02070.x","article-title":"The role of reproductive technologies in zoos: Past, present and future","volume":"38","author":"Wildt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Zoo Yearb."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz025","article-title":"Assisted reproductive technologies for endangered species conservation: Developing sophisticated protocols with limited access to animals with unique reproductive mechanisms","volume":"100","author":"Herrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1071\/RD03076","article-title":"Which reproductive technologies are most relevant to studying, managing and conserving wildlife?","volume":"16","author":"Pukazhenthi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.09.046","article-title":"Approaches and efficacy of artificial insemination in felids and mustelids","volume":"71","author":"Howard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/329328a0","article-title":"Reproductive and genetic consequences of founding isolated lion populations","volume":"329","author":"Wildt","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod38.2.245","article-title":"A Comparative Analysis of Ejaculate and Hormonal Characteristics of the Captive Male Cheetah, Tiger, Leopard, and Puma1","volume":"38","author":"Wildt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2013-016","article-title":"The Effects of Frequent Electroejaculation on the Semen Characteristics of a Captive Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica)","volume":"59","author":"Fukui","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod29.4.1019","article-title":"Unique Seminal Quality in the South African Cheetah and a Comparative Evaluation in the Domestic Cat","volume":"29","author":"Wildt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.01.054","article-title":"Semen collection in cats: Techniques and analysis","volume":"66","author":"Zambelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.02.026","article-title":"Improved semen collection method for wild felids: Urethral catheterization yields high sperm quality in African lions (Panthera leo)","volume":"78","author":"Lueders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Howard, J. (1993). Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, W.B. Saunders Co."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0960555","article-title":"Ability of thawed tiger (Panthera tigris) spermatozoa to fertilize conspecific eggs and bind and penetrate domestic cat eggs in vitro","volume":"96","author":"Donoghue","year":"1992","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1070053","article-title":"Timing of ovulation after gonadotrophin induction and its importance to successful intrauterine insemination in the tiger (Panthera tigris)","volume":"107","author":"Donoghue","year":"1996","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2000)031[0566:BOSTPT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Birth of siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) cubs after transvaginal artificial insemination","volume":"31","author":"Paisana","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"710","article-title":"Conservation of wild animals by assisted reproduction and molecular marker technology","volume":"41","author":"Shivaji","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"95","article-title":"The effect of electro-ejaculation on aversive behaviour and plasma cortisol concentration in rams","volume":"44","author":"Stafford","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1968","article-title":"Breaking down the effect of electro-ejaculation on the serum cortisol response, heart and respiratory rates in hair sheep (Ovis aries)","volume":"8","author":"Orihuela","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2019.03.023","article-title":"Sperm collection by electroejaculation in small ruminants: A review on welfare problems and alternative techniques","volume":"205","author":"Giriboni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"344","article-title":"Creatine Kinase Levels After Exercise","volume":"113","author":"Kindermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R110.179325","article-title":"Cellular processing of the glucocorticoid receptor gene and protein: New mechanisms for generating tissue-specific actions of glucocorticoids","volume":"286","author":"Oakley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Ramaley, J.A. (1981). Environmental Factors in Mammal Reproduction, Palgrave Macmillan London."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Moberg, G. (1984, January 10\u201314). Adrenal-pituitary interactions: Effects on reproduction. Proceedings of the 10 International Congress an Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (USA), Champaign, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03348463","article-title":"Effects of stress on the gonadal function","volume":"7","author":"Collu","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Weinbauer, G.F., and Nieschlag, E. (1990). Testosterone: Action Deficiency\u00b7Substitution, Springer."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1987.tb00973.x","article-title":"Spontaneous lipid peroxidation and production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in human spermatozoa Superoxide dismutase as major enzyme protectant against oxygen toxicity","volume":"8","author":"Alvarez","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1080350313","article-title":"Analysis of lipid peroxidation mechanisms in human spermatozoa","volume":"35","author":"Aitken","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.2741\/A146","article-title":"Oxidative stress and role of antioxidants in normal and abnormal sperm function","volume":"1","author":"Sikka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. A J. Virtual Libr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod41.1.183","article-title":"Generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and human sperm function","volume":"41","author":"Aitken","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"253","article-title":"Correlation among routine semen parameters, sperm viabilty and malondialdehyde levels in human subjects with different fertility potential","volume":"53","author":"Das","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.06.006","article-title":"Relationship between total superoxide dismutase activity with lipid peroxidation, dynamics and morphological parameters in canine semen","volume":"86","author":"Cassani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"33","article-title":"Role of antioxidant additives in the protection of the cryopreserved semen against free radicals","volume":"15","author":"Andreea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rom. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.56808\/2985-1130.2297","article-title":"Seminal plasma MDA concentrations correlating negatively with semen quality in Asian elephants","volume":"41","author":"Thongtipsiridech","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thai J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2015.03.002","article-title":"Effect of cooling rate and equilibration time on pre-freeze and post-thaw survival of buck sperm","volume":"70","author":"Ahmad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.08.022","article-title":"Semen characteristics and sperm morphology of serow (Capricornis sumatraensis)","volume":"71","author":"Suwanpugdee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Organisation, W.H. (1999). WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12900","article-title":"Lipid and protein oxidation levels in spermatozoa and seminal plasma of Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) and their relationship with semen parameters","volume":"52","author":"Satitmanwiwat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"R Core Team (2021). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models","volume":"3","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"R Package Version"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1430090604","article-title":"Characteristics of fresh and cryopreserved Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) semen and its seminal plasma chemical constituents","volume":"9","author":"Schmehl","year":"1990","journal-title":"Zoo Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"264","article-title":"Characteristics and fertility of Sumatran tiger spermatozoa cryopreserved with different sugars","volume":"37","author":"Fahrudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryoletters"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"234","article-title":"Influence of seasonality on reproductive traits of the male Pallas\u2019 cat (Felis manul) and implications for captive management","volume":"27","author":"Swanson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1071\/RD06057","article-title":"Ejaculate traits in the Namibian cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus): Influence of age, season and captivity","volume":"19","author":"Crosier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2022.01.030","article-title":"Increasing the frequency of ejaculate collection in young dairy bulls increases semen production and field fertility","volume":"182","author":"Taaffe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1038","article-title":"Long-term study on the effects of electroejaculation on seminal characteristics of the domestic cat","volume":"45","author":"Pineda","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0860599","article-title":"In-vitro induction of capacitation of fresh and frozen spermatozoa of the Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris)","volume":"86","author":"Byers","year":"1989","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"244","article-title":"Semen evaluation in an aged critically endangered captive Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr): A case study","volume":"166","author":"Baqir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0900119","article-title":"Effect of season on seminal traits and serum hormone concentrations in captive male Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris)","volume":"90","author":"Byers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Howard, J., and Allen, M.E. (2007). Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy VI, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(01)00593-3","article-title":"The effects of pH, osmolarity and urine contamination on equine spermatozoal motility","volume":"56","author":"Griggers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12863","article-title":"Urethral catheterization and sperm vitrification for simplified semen banking in felids","volume":"52","author":"Swanson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"347","article-title":"Role of total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation in fertile and infertile men","volume":"24","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.2014.32.1.1","article-title":"Effect of oxidative stress on male reproduction","volume":"32","author":"Agarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Men\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20297","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in infertile men: Correlation with semen parameter","volume":"23","author":"Dammak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132009000600010","article-title":"Relationship between seminal malondialdehyde levels and sperm quality in fertile and infertile men","volume":"52","author":"Colagar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"87","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant in seminal plasma and their impact on male fertility","volume":"3","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12494","article-title":"Vocalizations during electroejaculation in anaesthetized adult and young pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) males","volume":"50","author":"Fumagalli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.06.009","article-title":"Physiological responses and characteristics of sperm collected after electroejaculation or transrectal ultrasound-guided massage of the accessory sex glands in anesthetized mouflons (Ovis musimon) and Iberian ibexes (Capra pyrenaica)","volume":"84","author":"Ungerfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"38","article-title":"Quantification of faecal testosterone hormone in captive Bengal tigers","volume":"94","author":"Swagat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.12.025","article-title":"Effect of electro-ejaculation on the serum cortisol response of Criollo goats (Capra hircus)","volume":"69","author":"Orihuela","year":"2007","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.05.006","article-title":"Sperm collection by transrectal ultrasound-guided massage of the accessory sex glands is less stressful than electroejaculation without altering sperm characteristics in conscious goat bucks","volume":"98","author":"Beracochea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2010.01722.x","article-title":"The stress response of frequently electroejaculated rams to electroejaculation: Hormonal, physiological, biochemical, haematological and behavioural parameters","volume":"46","author":"Ungerfeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/12\/1893\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:49:16Z","timestamp":1760125756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/12\/1893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13121893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13121893","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]}}}