{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T15:12:41Z","timestamp":1790953961942,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003621","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIP; Ministry of Science, ICT &amp; Future Planning)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1A2C2009921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C2009921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aims of this study were to determine in vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in commercial dog diets and to develop equations for predicting the IVID of DM and CP in dog diets based on chemical composition. Eighteen commercial dog diets were analyzed for IVID of DM and CP using a two-step in vitro procedure for dogs. The diet samples in flasks with digestive enzymes were incubated for 2 h and 4 h to simulate digestion in the stomach and the small intestine, respectively. The contents of CP, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ash in the diets ranged from 14.4 to 42.5%, 3.5 to 23.5%, 6.4 to 34.6%, and 4.9 to 10.0%, respectively, on an as-is basis. The NDF contents were negatively correlated with the IVID of DM and CP (r = \u22120.73 and r = \u22120.62, respectively; p &lt; 0.05). The most suitable prediction equations for the IVID of DM and CP in the dog diets were: IVID of DM (%) = 81.33 + 0.46 \u00d7 CP \u2212 0.77 \u00d7 NDF, R2 = 0.78; IVID of CP (%) = 81.25 + 0.33 \u00d7 CP \u2212 0.49 \u00d7 NDF, R2 = 0.64, where all nutrients were in % on an as-is basis. In conclusion, dry matter and protein utilization of dog diets based on in vitro digestibility assays can be estimated fairly well using protein and fiber concentrations as independent variables.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13121937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T08:37:33Z","timestamp":1686299853000},"page":"1937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prediction Equations for In Vitro Ileal Disappearance of Dry Matter and Crude Protein Based on Chemical Composition in Dog Diets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yoon Soo","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2097-717X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beob Gyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2016.1222242","article-title":"A new in vitro method to evaluate digestibility of commercial diets for dogs","volume":"15","author":"Biagi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2140","article-title":"Protein digestibility evaluations of meat and fish substrates using laboratory, avian, and ileally cannulated dog assays","volume":"88","author":"Faber","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Case, L.P., Daristotle, L., Hayek, M.G., and Raasch, M. (2010). Canine and Feline Nutrition: A Resource for Companion Animal Professionals, Elsevier Mosby. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"FEDIAF (2019). Nutritional Guidelines for Complete and Complementary Pet Food for Cats and Dogs, European Pet Food Industry Federation."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.83102414x","article-title":"Chemical composition, protein quality, palatability, and digestibility of alternative protein sources for dogs","volume":"83","author":"Dust","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.8.2158S","article-title":"Dietary protein source and manufacturing processes affect macronutrient digestibility, fecal consistency, and presence of fecal Clostridium perfringens in adult dogs","volume":"134","author":"Zentek","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2014.32","article-title":"Prediction of crude protein digestibility of animal by-product meals for dogs by the protein solubility in pepsin method","volume":"3","author":"Kawauchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3617","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3465","article-title":"Amino acid digestibility in heated soybean meal fed to growing pigs","volume":"89","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3798","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4692","article-title":"Concentrations of analyzed or reactive lysine, but not crude protein, may predict the concentration of digestible lysine in distillers dried grains with solubles fed to pigs","volume":"90","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3807","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5864","article-title":"Comparison of ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility of dry dog foods","volume":"91","author":"Hendriks","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"EU (2023, March 17). Directive 2010\/63\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes, Available online: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/eudr\/2010\/63\/contents."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skz363","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz363","article-title":"Nutrient and AA digestibility of black soldier fly larvae differing in age using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay","volume":"98","author":"Do","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3335","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0473","article-title":"Chemical composition, true nutrient digestibility, and true metabolizable energy of novel pet food protein sources using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay","volume":"94","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., Jung, A.H., Park, S.H., Yoon, Y., and Kim, B.G. (2021). In vitro protein disappearance of raw chicken as dog foods decreased by thermal processing, but was unaffected by non-thermal processing. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051256"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2008.00870.x","article-title":"Prediction of digestible protein content of dry extruded dog foods: Comparison of methods","volume":"93","author":"Hervera","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2007.00693.x","article-title":"Prediction of digestible energy content of extruded dog food by in vitro analyses","volume":"91","author":"Hervera","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653411","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.653411","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro digestibility of an extruded complete dog food containing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal as protein source","volume":"8","author":"Penazzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"AOAC (2019). Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists International. [21st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"NRC (2006). Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jewell, D.E., Jackson, M.I., Cochrane, C.-Y., and Badri, D.V. (2022). Feeding fiber-bound polyphenol ingredients at different levels modulates colonic postbiotics to improve gut health in dogs. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12050627"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13689","article-title":"Evaluation of the nutrients supplied by veterinary diets commercialized in Brazil for obese dogs undergoing a weight loss program","volume":"106","author":"Olivindo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2011.01232.x","article-title":"Digestibility for dogs and cats of meat and bone meal processed at two different temperature and pressure levels","volume":"96","author":"Kawauchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"AAFCO (2019). Official Publication, Association of American Feed Control Officials."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016.0873","article-title":"Influence of lignocellulose and low or high levels of sugar beet pulp on nutrient digestibility and the fecal microbiota in dogs","volume":"95","author":"Vahjen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5083099","article-title":"Alternative dietary fiber sources in companion animal nutrition","volume":"5","author":"Kerr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-8401(94)00686-4","article-title":"Prediction of the apparent ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids in feedstuffs and feed mixtures for pigs by in vitro analyses","volume":"51","author":"Boisen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.17533\/udea.rccp.v34n4a08","article-title":"Effects of supplemental xylanase on in vitro disappearance of dry matter in feed ingredients for swine","volume":"34","author":"Jo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Pecu."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.17221\/139\/2019-VETMED","article-title":"Determination of the in vitro digestibility and nutrient content of commercial premium extruded foods with different types of protein content for adult dogs","volume":"65","author":"Kara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(84)90012-5","article-title":"Prediction of metabolizable energy for pigs on the basis of crude nutrients in the feeds","volume":"11","author":"Just","year":"1984","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.19.0103","article-title":"Neutral detergent fiber rather than other dietary fiber types as an independent variable increases the accuracy of prediction equation for digestible energy in feeds for growing pigs","volume":"33","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.20.0293","article-title":"Prediction equations for digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations in feed ingredients and diets for pigs based on chemical composition","volume":"34","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb01939.x","article-title":"A high-protein, high-fiber diet designed for weight loss improves satiety in dogs","volume":"21","author":"Weber","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.12.004","article-title":"A high protein high fibre diet improves weight loss in obese dogs","volume":"183","author":"German","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.8.2087S","article-title":"High-protein low-carbohydrate diets enhance weight loss in dogs","volume":"134","author":"Bierer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352011000300038","article-title":"Digestibility of dry extruded food in adult dogs and puppies","volume":"63","author":"Zanatta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Whittemore, C., and Green, D. (2000). The Weaner Pig: Nutrition and Management. Proceedings of a British Society of Animal Science Occasional Meeting, University of Nottingham, UK, September 2000, CABI Publishing."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0396.2001.00329.x","article-title":"The effect of crude fibre on apparent digestibility and digestible energy content of extruded dog foods","volume":"85","author":"Castrillo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.7.2041S","article-title":"Prediction of energy digestibility in complete dry foods for dogs and cats by total dietary fiber","volume":"136","author":"Kienzle","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2022.2119437","article-title":"Dietary fibre type influences protein and fat digestibility in dogs","volume":"21","author":"Marx","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/112.9.1726","article-title":"Effects of fiber on digestibility and transit time in dogs","volume":"112","author":"Burrows","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4221","DOI":"10.2527\/1990.68124221x","article-title":"Dietary fiber for dogs: I. Effects of graded levels of dietary beet pulp on nutrient intake, digestibility, metabolizable energy and digesta mean retention time","volume":"68","author":"Fahey","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, A.M., Guedes, M., Matos, E., Pinto, E., Almeida, A.A., Segundo, M.A., Correia, A., Vilanova, M., Fonseca, A.J., and Cabrita, A.R.J. (2020). Effect of zinc source and exogenous enzymes supplementation on zinc status in dogs fed high phytate diets. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030400"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2022.115507","article-title":"Energy Concentrations and Nutrient Digestibility of High-fiber Ingredients for Pigs Based on in vitro and in vivo Assays","volume":"294","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.06.013","article-title":"Relationship between chemical composition and standardized ileal digestible amino acid contents of corn grain in broiler chickens","volume":"99","author":"Sheikhhasan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.07.010","article-title":"Prediction of the concentration of standardized ileal digestible amino acids and safety margins among sources of distillers dried grains with solubles for growing pigs: A meta-analysis approach","volume":"231","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2014.910970","article-title":"Determination and prediction of the energy content and amino acid digestibility of peanut meals fed to growing pigs","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e323","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12608","article-title":"Raw mechanically separated chicken meat and salmon protein hydrolysate as protein sources in extruded dog food: Effect on protein and amino acid digestibility","volume":"101","author":"Tjernsbekk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740330902","article-title":"Studies on the digestibility of soya bean products, cereals, cereal and plant by-products in diets of dogs","volume":"33","author":"Kendall","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food. Agric."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"127","article-title":"Selected animal and plant protein sources affect nutrient digestibility and fecal characteristics of ileally cannulated dogs","volume":"53","author":"Bednar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.1.88","article-title":"In vivo measurement of flatulence and nutrient digestibility in dogs fed poultry by-product meal, conventional soybean meal, and low-oligosaccharide low-phytate soybean meal","volume":"67","author":"Yamka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.7592497x","article-title":"Raw and rendered animal by-products as ingredients in dog diets","volume":"75","author":"Murray","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/12\/1937\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:51:36Z","timestamp":1760125896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/12\/1937"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13121937"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13121937","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]}}}