{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:50:43Z","timestamp":1790085043513,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pain assessment in domestic animals has gained importance in recent years due to the recognition of the physiological, behavioral, and endocrine consequences of acute pain on animal production, welfare, and animal model validity. Current approaches to identifying acute pain mainly rely on behavioral-based scales, quantifying pain-related biomarkers, and the use of devices monitoring sympathetic activity. Infrared thermography is an alternative that could be used to correlate the changes in the superficial temperature with other tools and thus be an additional or alternate acute pain assessment marker. Moreover, its non-invasiveness and the objective nature of its readout make it potentially very valuable. However, at the current time, it is not in widespread use as an assessment strategy. The present review discusses scientific evidence for infrared thermography as a tool to evaluate pain, limiting its use to monitor acute pain in pathological processes and invasive procedures, as well as its use for perioperative monitoring in domestic animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T01:54:56Z","timestamp":1687485296000},"page":"2065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Assessment of Pain and Inflammation in Domestic Animals Using Infrared Thermography: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9011-8296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra L.","family":"Whittaker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5116, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8139-8668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Muns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co Down BT 26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7322-2371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dehua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8681-4261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Burnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4271-2906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismael","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1valos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Cuautitl\u00e1n 54714, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8382-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Casas-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1584-0654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co Down BT 26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK"},{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0562-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Mota-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939","article-title":"The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: Concepts, challenges, and compromises","volume":"161","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.10.020","article-title":"Pain and discomfort caused by parturition in cows and sows","volume":"135","author":"Mainau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. 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