{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:51:38Z","timestamp":1790016698899,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":329,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is well known that the pineal gland in birds influences behavioural and physiological functions, including those of the immune system. The purpose of this research is to examine the endocrine\u2013immune correlations between melatonin and immune system activity. Through a description of the immune\u2013pineal axis, we formulated the objective to determine and describe: the development of the pineal gland; how light influences secretory activity; and how melatonin influences the activity of primary and secondary lymphoid organs. The pineal gland has the ability to turn light information into an endocrine signal suitable for the immune system via the membrane receptors Mel1a, Mel1b, and Mel1c, as well as the nuclear receptors ROR\u03b1, ROR\u03b2, and ROR\u03b3. We can state the following findings: green monochromatic light (560 nm) increased serum melatonin levels and promoted a stronger humoral and cellular immune response by proliferating B and T lymphocytes; the combination of green and blue monochromatic light (560\u2013480 nm) ameliorated the inflammatory response and protected lymphoid organs from oxidative stress; and red monochromatic light (660 nm) maintained the inflammatory response and promoted the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Melatonin can be considered a potent antioxidant and immunomodulator and is a critical element in the coordination between external light stimulation and the body\u2019s internal response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T02:23:09Z","timestamp":1687746189000},"page":"2095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Influence of Different Light Spectra on Melatonin Synthesis by the Pineal Gland and Influence on the Immune System in Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1543-6518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana","family":"Horodincu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d Iasi University of Life Sciences, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0323-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Solcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d Iasi University of Life Sciences, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0076","article-title":"Nocturnal Melatonin Synthesis: How to Stop It","volume":"148","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2003.00993.x","article-title":"Genetic, Temporal and Developmental Differences Between Melatonin Rhythm Generating Systems in the Teleost Fish Pineal Organ and Retina: Two melatonin rhythm generating systems in Teleost fish","volume":"15","author":"Gothilf","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1962.25.3.405","article-title":"Mode of action of pineal nerve fibers in frogs","volume":"25","author":"Dodt","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1126\/science.835015","article-title":"Circadian Organization in Lizards: The Role of the Pineal Organ","volume":"195","author":"Underwood","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2013.10.002","article-title":"Avian circadian organization: A chorus of clocks","volume":"35","author":"Cassone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2004.05.002","article-title":"Melatonin as a chronobiotic","volume":"9","author":"Arendt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Collin, J.-P. (1971). The Pineal Gland, Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Collin, J.-P., Voisin, P., Falc\u00f3n, J., and Brisson, P. (1987). Functional Morphology of Neuroendocrine Systems: Evolutionary and Environmental Aspects, Springer."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"27","article-title":"Structural and functional relationships in the nonmammalian pineal gland","volume":"1","author":"Collin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pineal Gland"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Oksche, A. (1971). The Pineal Gland, Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pinealocytes as photoneuroendocrine units of neuronal origin: Concepts and evidence","volume":"2","author":"Oksche","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volrath, L. (1981). The Pineal Organ, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-81525-6"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/16.1.57","article-title":"Comparative Biochemistry of the Pineal Glands of Birds and Mammals","volume":"16","author":"Binkley","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-96-4-848","article-title":"Regulation of Pineal Rhythms in Chickens: Refractory Period and Nonvisual Light Perception 1","volume":"96","author":"Binkley","year":"1975","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1126\/science.897660","article-title":"Timekeeping by the Pineal Gland","volume":"197","author":"Binkley","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1126\/science.214852","article-title":"The Pineal Gland: A Biological Clock in Vitro","volume":"202","author":"Binkley","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1126\/science.424750","article-title":"Circadian Rhythm of Serotonin N -Acetyltransferase Activity in Organ Culture of Chicken Pineal Gland","volume":"203","author":"Deguchi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/282094a0","article-title":"A circadian oscillator in cultured cells of chicken pineal gland","volume":"282","author":"Deguchi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aschoff, J., Daan, S., and Groos, G.A. (1982). Vertebrate Circadian Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-68651-1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.59.2.414","article-title":"Extraretinal light perception in the sparrow. I. Entrainment of the biological clock","volume":"59","author":"Menaker","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aschoff, J., Daan, S., and Groos, G.A. (1982). Vertebrate Circadian Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-68651-1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.4.2319","article-title":"Circadian rhythms of melatonin release from individual superfused chicken pineal glands in vitro","volume":"77","author":"Takahashi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00605243","article-title":"Multiple redundant circadian oscillators within the isolated avian pineal gland","volume":"154","author":"Takahashi","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"185","article-title":"Some answers to a 2000-year old question: The role(s) of the pineal gland","volume":"3","author":"Wainwright","year":"1982","journal-title":"Rev. Pure Appl. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"87","article-title":"Probing the chick pineal clock","volume":"92","author":"Wainwright","year":"1982","journal-title":"Prog. Clin. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)91339-X","article-title":"Photoendocrine transduction in cultured chick pineal cells: Effect of light, dark, and potassium on the melatonin rhythm","volume":"438","author":"Zatz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402320321","article-title":"Is the avian circadian system a neuroendocrine loop?","volume":"232","author":"Cassone","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Gwinner, E. (1989). Circadian Clocks and Ecology, Hokkaido University Press."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20935","article-title":"Chicken suprachiasmatic nuclei: I. Efferent and afferent connections","volume":"496","author":"Cantwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21124","article-title":"Chicken suprachiasmatic nuclei: II. Autoradiographic and immunohistochemical analysis","volume":"499","author":"Cantwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902660204","article-title":"Retinohypothalamic projection and suprachiasmatic nucleus of the house sparrow, Passer domesticus","volume":"266","author":"Cassone","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1185","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2001.280.4.R1185","article-title":"Identification of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in birds","volume":"280","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(01)00753-5","article-title":"Daily and circadian fluctuation in 2-deoxy [14C]-glucose uptake in circadian and visual system structures of the chick brain: Effects of exogenous melatonin","volume":"57","author":"Cantwell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000113553","article-title":"Comparative Distribution of 2[125I]Iodomelatonin Binding in the Brains of Diurnal Birds: Outgroup Analysis with Turtles","volume":"45","author":"Cassone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Evol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02451908","article-title":"Daily melatonin administration synchronizes circadian patterns of brain metabolism and behavior in pinealectomized house sparrows, Passer domesticus","volume":"173","author":"Lu","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2003-0121","article-title":"Transcriptional Profiling of the Chick Pineal Gland, a Photoreceptive Circadian Oscillator and Pacemaker","volume":"17","author":"Bailey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karaganis, S.P., Kumar, V., Beremand, P.D., Bailey, M.J., Thomas, T.L., and Cassone, V.M. (2008). Circadian genomics of the chick pineal gland in vitro. BMC Genom., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-206"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2008.12.015","article-title":"Modulation of metabolic and clock gene mRNA rhythms by pineal and retinal circadian oscillators","volume":"161","author":"Karaganis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52247","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M405679200","article-title":"Transcriptional Profiling of Circadian Patterns of mRNA Expression in the Chick Retina","volume":"279","author":"Bailey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1633","article-title":"Circadian rhythms from multiple oscillators: Lessons from diverse organisms","volume":"6","author":"Cassone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.01.031","article-title":"Circadian expression of clock gene in the optic tectum of Japanese quail","volume":"1005","author":"Yasuo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icp011","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the molecular basis of photoperiodic signal transduction in vertebrates","volume":"49","author":"Yasuo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(00)00091-7","article-title":"Molecular analysis of avian circadian clock genes","volume":"78","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.05.017","article-title":"Avian biological clock\u2014Immune system relationship","volume":"66","author":"Markowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238294","article-title":"Innervation of the avian pineal organ: A comparative study","volume":"233","author":"Sato","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"9","article-title":"The diencephalic relations and variability in the double structure of the epiphyseal complex of birds","volume":"60","author":"Quay","year":"1967","journal-title":"Riv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000144943","article-title":"Post-hatching evolution of the pineal gland of the chicken","volume":"101","author":"Boya","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00318636","article-title":"Structural and functional differentiation of the embryonic chick pineal organ in vivo and in vitro: A scanning electron-microscopic and radioimmunoassay study","volume":"260","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, C.-M., Liao, M., Chien, C.-L., and Peng, W.H. (2021). \u03b1-Internexin expression in photoreceptor-like cells of the developing chicken pineal gland. Res. Sq., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-200129\/v1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s11373-005-9006-1","article-title":"The expression of \u03b1-internexin and peripherin in the developing mouse pineal gland","volume":"12","author":"Ko","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1064","article-title":"Comparative ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the avian pineal organ: Comparative Pineal Ultrastructure","volume":"53","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90288-5","article-title":"Pineal-retinal molecular relationships: Distribution of \u201cS-antigen\u201d in the pineal complex","volume":"19","author":"Collin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"407","article-title":"Functional morphology of the pineal gland in young chickens","volume":"156","author":"Ohshima","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anat. Anz."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"495","article-title":"[Extraretinal photoreceptors in the pineal body of birds]","volume":"51","author":"Oksche","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch. Anat. Histol. Embryol. Norm. Exp."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"628","article-title":"Caracter\u00e8s histologiques et histophysiologiques des v\u00e9sicules \u00e8piphysaires des Gallinac\u00e9s","volume":"13","author":"Romieu","year":"1942","journal-title":"CR Soc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"55","article-title":"Ultraestructura de la gl\u00e1ndula pineal de aves","volume":"58","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1966","journal-title":"Trab. Inst. Cajal Inv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(69)90003-3","article-title":"Photoreceptoral and secretory structures in the avian pineal organ","volume":"28","author":"Bischoff","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Ultrastruct. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc1950.29.271","article-title":"Ultrastructure of the Pineal Body of the Domestic Chicken, with Special Reference to the Changes Induced by Altered Photoperiods","volume":"29","author":"Fujie","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch. Histol. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00305245","article-title":"Direct photosensitivity of chick pinealocytes as demonstrated by visinin immunoreactivity","volume":"262","author":"Goto","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00226623","article-title":"Ultrastructural study of embryonic and post-hatching development in the pineal organ of the chicken (brown leghorn, Gallus domesticus)","volume":"183","author":"Omura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(97)00184-8","article-title":"Immunocytochemical identification of pinopsin in pineal glands of chicken and pigeon","volume":"50","author":"Okano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb156893","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.156893","article-title":"Hormonally mediated effects of artificial light at night on behavior and fitness: Linking endocrine mechanisms with function","volume":"221","author":"Ouyang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0864","article-title":"Vertebrate ancient opsin photopigment spectra and the avian photoperiodic response","volume":"8","author":"Davies","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, D.M., Hankins, M.W., Collin, S.P., and Marshall, N.J. (2014). Evolution of Visual and Non-Visual Pigments, Springer US.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4355-1"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2003.01001.x","article-title":"Melatonin: A Clock-Output, A Clock-Input: Clock-output, clock-input","volume":"15","author":"Stehle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"425","article-title":"Melatonin: An internal signal for daily and seasonal timing","volume":"52","author":"Trivedi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IJEB"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2005.08.008","article-title":"Diurnal and circadian rhythms in melatonin synthesis in the turkey pineal gland and retina","volume":"145","author":"Zawilska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"401","article-title":"Biorythms and pineal gland","volume":"24","author":"Csernus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"987","article-title":"Melatonin\u2019in Kanatl\u0131 Hayvanlarda \u00d6nemi","volume":"21","author":"Calislar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kahramanmara\u015f S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam \u00dcniversitesi Tar\u0131m Ve Do\u011fa Derg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-002-0571-6","article-title":"Rhythm and soul in the avian pineal","volume":"309","author":"Natesan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/290706a0","article-title":"Rhodopsin-like photosensitivity of isolated chicken pineal gland","volume":"290","author":"Deguchi","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(83)90132-3","article-title":"Analysis of a distinctive protein in chick retina during development","volume":"10","author":"Hatakenaka","year":"1983","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)91546-X","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of chick retinal 24 kdalton protein (visinin) in various vertebrate retinae","volume":"331","author":"Hatakenaka","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doh, S.T., Hao, H., Loh, S.C., Patel, T., Tawil, H.Y., Chen, D.K., Pashkova, A., Shen, A., Wang, H., and Cai, L. (2010). Analysis of retinal cell development in chick embryo by immunohistochemistry and in ovo electroporation techniques. BMC Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213X-10-8"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(90)90059-O","article-title":"Visinin: A novel calcium binding protein expressed in retinal cone cells","volume":"4","author":"Yamagata","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25972","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25972","article-title":"A new method to manipulate broiler chicken growth and metabolism: Response to mixed LED light system","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Farner, D.S., King, J.R., and Parkes, K.C. (1971). Avian Biology, Academic press."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22909","article-title":"Role of Monochromatic Light on Development of Cecal Tonsil in Young Broilers: Light Colour and Cecal Tonsil Development of Chick","volume":"297","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey302","article-title":"How does red light affect layer production, fear, and stress?","volume":"98","author":"Archer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2006.301.308","article-title":"A Review of Lighting Programs for Broiler Production","volume":"5","author":"Olanrewaju","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2015-0082","article-title":"Regulation of melatonin secretion in the pineal organ of the domestic duck\u2014An in vitro study","volume":"18","author":"Prusik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(97)00224-4","article-title":"Melatonin: Generation and Modulation of Avian Circadian Rhythms","volume":"44","author":"Gwinner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(84)90063-7","article-title":"Melatonin rhythms in the eyes, pineal bodies, and blood of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)","volume":"56","author":"Underwood","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1327.043","article-title":"Features of the Circadian Clock in the Avian Pineal Gland","volume":"1040","author":"Csernus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"135","article-title":"The melatonin hypothesis: Electric power and breast cancer","volume":"104","author":"Stevens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7434030","article-title":"Light Suppresses Melatonin Secretion in Humans","volume":"210","author":"Lewy","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21408","article-title":"Effect of Monochromatic Light on Melatonin Secretion and Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase mRNA Expression in the Retina and Pineal Gland of Broilers","volume":"294","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. Adv. Integr. Anat. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)90067-U","article-title":"Chick retina and pineal gland differentially respond to constant light and darkness: In vivo studies on serotoninN-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and melatonin content","volume":"153","author":"Zawilska","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-7111","article-title":"Characterization of the relations between morphology and physiological status of the pineal gland in connection with the somatic development level in turkeys reared in Romania","volume":"67","author":"Solcan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Veterin\u00e1ria E Zootec."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Reiter, R.J., and Robinson, J.O. (1995). Melatonin: Your Body\u2019s Natural Wonder Drug, Bantam Books."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2009.01.024","article-title":"Melatonin: A hormone that modulates pain","volume":"84","author":"Cruz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03168221","article-title":"Physiological and metabolic functions of melatonin","volume":"60","author":"Barrenetxe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"94","article-title":"The biological effects and clinical uses of the pineal hormone melatonin","volume":"1","author":"Timothy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aleternative Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.12991\/201014445","article-title":"Karanligin hormonu: Melatonin","volume":"3","author":"Sener","year":"2010","journal-title":"MARMARA Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020107915919","article-title":"Gastrointestinal melatonin: Localization, function, and clinical relevance","volume":"47","author":"Bubenik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520500482108","article-title":"The Avian Pineal Gland","volume":"23","author":"Csernus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0742-8413(97)00159-X","article-title":"Influence of Melatonin on Chick Skeletal Muscle Cell Growth","volume":"118","author":"Zeman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1177\/074873049701200606","article-title":"Melatonin Receptors: Molecular Biology of a New Family of G Protein-Coupled Receptors","volume":"12","author":"Reppert","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1159\/000109496","article-title":"2-[125l]lodomelatonin Binding Sites in the Lung and Heart: A Link between the Photoperiodic Signal, Melatonin, and the Cardiopulmonary System","volume":"2","author":"Pang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosignals"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90021-K","article-title":"[125I]Iodomelatonin binding sites in spleens of birds and mammals","volume":"125","author":"Yu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(92)90293-X","article-title":"Identification and characterization of melatonin binding sites in the gastrointestinal tract of ducks","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"1992","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32991","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005671200","article-title":"Characterization of the Chicken SerotoninN-Acetyltransferase Gene","volume":"275","author":"Chong","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.68010213.x","article-title":"Avian Melatonin Synthesis: Photic and Circadian Regulation of Serotonin N-Acetyltransferase mRNA in the Chicken Pineal Gland and Retina","volume":"68","author":"Bernard","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2820571","article-title":"Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding hydroxyindole O -methyltransferase from chicken pineal gland","volume":"282","author":"Voisin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.55.2.2","article-title":"Generation of the Melatonin Endocrine Message in Mammals: A Review of the Complex Regulation of Melatonin Synthesis by Norepinephrine, Peptides, and Other Pineal Transmitters","volume":"55","author":"Simonneaux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00627.x","article-title":"Posttranslational regulation of TPH1 is responsible for the nightly surge of 5-HT output in the rat pineal gland","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2004.08.001","article-title":"The basic physiology and pathophysiology of melatonin","volume":"9","author":"Claustrat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(83)90331-0","article-title":"\u03b12-Adrenergic systems: Models for exploring hormonal inhibition of adenylate cyclase","volume":"4","author":"Limbird","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-11-03665.1987","article-title":"Alpha-2 adrenergic regulation of melatonin release in chick pineal cell cultures","volume":"7","author":"Pratt","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2017.1345447","article-title":"Circadian basis of seasonal timing in higher vertebrates","volume":"48","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Rhythm Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T187","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-15-0119","article-title":"60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: Regulation of mammalian neuroendocrine physiology and rhythms by melatonin","volume":"226","author":"Johnston","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-0618(98)00029-5","article-title":"Neuroendocrinology of melatonin in reproduction: Recent developments","volume":"14","author":"Pang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11208","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140611208","article-title":"Melatonin Receptor Genes in Vertebrates","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)88978-6","article-title":"Melatonin receptors: Are there multiple subtypes?","volume":"16","author":"Dubocovich","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2004.00185.x","article-title":"Melatonin, Melatonin Receptors and Melanophores: A Moving Story","volume":"17","author":"Sugden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.10.083","article-title":"Organs from mice deleted for NRH:quinone oxidoreductase 2 are deprived of the melatonin binding site MT3","volume":"578","author":"Mailliet","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31311","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005141200","article-title":"Identification of the Melatonin-binding SiteMT 3 as the Quinone Reductase 2","volume":"275","author":"Nosjean","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2014.09.001","article-title":"The melatonin analog 5-MCA-NAT increases endogenous dopamine levels by binding NRH:quinone reductase enzyme in the developing chick retina","volume":"38","author":"Sampaio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-125-1-363","article-title":"Melatonin Receptors in Chick Brain: Characterization and Localization","volume":"125","author":"Rivkees","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01245448","article-title":"Melatonin binding sites in brain of the 2-day-old chicken: An autoradiographic localisation","volume":"81","author":"Stehle","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-008-9071-9","article-title":"Expression analysis of melatonin receptor subtypes in the ovary of domestic chicken","volume":"33","author":"Sundaresan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24283","article-title":"Reversing SKI\u2013SMAD4-mediated suppression is essential for TH17 cell differentiation","volume":"551","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Dong, Y., Cao, J., and Chen, Y. (2022). Melatonin Nuclear Receptors Mediate Green-and-Blue-Monochromatic-Light-Combinations-Inhibited B Lymphocyte Apoptosis in the Bursa of Chickens via Reducing Oxidative Stress and Nf\u03bab Expression. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11040748"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2011.03.004","article-title":"A new perspective in Oral health: Potential importance and actions of melatonin receptors MT1, MT2, MT3, and RZR\/ROR in the oral cavity","volume":"56","author":"Cutando","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2019.07.003","article-title":"Effect of the melatonin nuclear receptor ROR\u03b1 on monochromatic light-induced T-lymphocyte proliferation in chicken thymus","volume":"213","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12581","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12581","article-title":"Melatonin stabilizes rupture-prone vulnerable plaques via regulating macrophage polarization in a nuclear circadian receptor ROR\u03b1-dependent manner","volume":"67","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201600018","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin in multiple sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Farez","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"Liu, H., Aramaki, M., Fu, Y., and Forrest, D. (2017). Current Topics in Developmental Biology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023711","article-title":"(Inverse) Agonists of Retinoic Acid\u2013Related Orphan Receptor \u03b3: Regulation of Immune Responses, Inflammation, and Autoimmune Disease","volume":"60","author":"Jetten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200487","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200487","article-title":"Multi-transcription factor reporter mice delineate early precursors to the ILC and LTi lineages","volume":"218","author":"Kasal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8638","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14048638","article-title":"Melatonin: Buffering the Immune System","volume":"14","author":"Lardone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.5.2952","article-title":"Lymphocyte Development and Function in the Absence of Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptor \u03b1","volume":"173","author":"Dzhagalov","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00909.x","article-title":"Melatonin synthesized by T lymphocytes as a ligand of the retinoic acid-related orphan receptor: Melatonin, natural ligand of ROR\u03b1","volume":"51","author":"Lardone","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-8601-5","article-title":"A novel interplay between membrane and nuclear melatonin receptors in human lymphocytes: Significance in IL-2 production","volume":"66","author":"Lardone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12312","article-title":"The nuclear melatonin receptor ROR \u03b1 is a novel endogenous defender against myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"60","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.01.004","article-title":"Interleukin-2 at the Crossroads of Effector Responses, Tolerance, and Immunotherapy","volume":"38","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(98)00179-9","article-title":"Involvement of nuclear binding sites for melatonin in the regulation of IL-2 and IL-6 production by human blood mononuclear cells","volume":"92","author":"Calvo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12394","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12394","article-title":"Melatonin signaling in T cells: Functions and applications","volume":"62","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.4729","article-title":"Melatonin downregulates nuclear receptor RZR\/ROR\u03b3 expression causing growth-inhibitory and anti-angiogenesis activity in human gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2018.01.005","article-title":"Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor \u03b3 (ROR\u03b3): Connecting sterol metabolism to regulation of the immune system and autoimmune disease","volume":"8","author":"Jetten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-242040","article-title":"ROR\u03b1 and ROR \u03b3 are expressed in human skin and serve as receptors for endogenously produced noncalcemic 20-hydroxy- and 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D","volume":"28","author":"Slominski","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.09.024","article-title":"Endogenously produced nonclassical vitamin D hydroxy-metabolites act as \u201cbiased\u201d agonists on VDR and inverse agonists on ROR\u03b1 and ROR\u03b3","volume":"173","author":"Slominski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.09.030","article-title":"Melatonin affects nuclear orphan receptors mRNA in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei","volume":"144","author":"Agez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1126\/science.184.4144.1341","article-title":"The Pineal Gland: A Neurochemical Transducer: Chemical signals from nerves regulate synthesis of melatonin and convey information about internal clocks","volume":"184","author":"Axelrod","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.69.9.2547","article-title":"Control of Circadian Change of Serotonin N -Acetyltransferase Activity in the Pineal Organ by the \u03b2-Adrenergic Receptor","volume":"69","author":"Deguchi","year":"1972","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1126\/science.169.3950.1093","article-title":"Indole Metabolism in the Pineal Gland: A Circadian Rhythm in N -Acetyltransferase","volume":"169","author":"Klein","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(91)90031-D","article-title":"Molecular and cellular aspects of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase expression in the developing chick pineal gland","volume":"59","author":"Bernard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"5","article-title":"Improvement of radioimmunoassay for serum and tissue melatonin","volume":"5","author":"Kawashima","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Pharmacobiodyn."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-98-2-482","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay of Serum Concentrations of Melatonin in Sheep Exposed to Different Lighting Regimens","volume":"98","author":"Rollag","year":"1976","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(87)90151-1","article-title":"Photoperiodic regulation of plasma melatonin levels in the laying chicken (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"67","author":"Liou","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1070317","article-title":"Circadian rhythm of melatonin in the pineal gland of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)","volume":"107","author":"Cockrem","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(87)90196-1","article-title":"The phase relationship between the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and circulating melatonin in the pigeon (Columba livia)","volume":"67","author":"Oshima","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.32.90","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Demonstration and Daily Rhythms of Melatonin in the Chicken Pineal Gland","volume":"32","author":"Doi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Jpn. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0480903","article-title":"Response of the Chicken Pineal Gland, Blood and Reproductive Organs to Darkness","volume":"48","author":"McFarland","year":"1969","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"506","article-title":"Morphological and biochemical changes associated with a change in photoperiod (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"6","author":"Winget","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"485","article-title":"Observations on the structure of the pineal body in relation to the phases of the sexual cycle in hens","volume":"15","author":"Milcu","year":"1964","journal-title":"Stud. Cercet. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/10.2.217","article-title":"Structure and Alleged Functions of Avian Pineals","volume":"10","author":"Ralph","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"215","article-title":"Lack of correlation between sexual maturation and pineal cytology in Japanese quail","volume":"163","author":"Lane","year":"1969","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1139\/z69-187","article-title":"Morphology of the pineal body of wild house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in relation to reproduction and age","volume":"47","author":"Ralph","year":"1969","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(02)00088-7","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of melatonin on inflammatory and immune responses of adjuvant arthritis rat","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00866.x","article-title":"Melatonin protects against oxidative stress in granular corneal dystrophy type 2 corneal fibroblasts by mechanisms that involve membrane melatonin receptors: Melatonin protects GCD2 corneal fibroblasts","volume":"51","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-010-0374-y","article-title":"Blocking of melatonin synthesis and MT1 receptor impairs the activation of Jurkat T cells","volume":"67","author":"Lardone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2014.11.002","article-title":"Melatonin plays a critical role in inducing B lymphocyte proliferation of the bursa of Fabricius in broilers via monochromatic lights","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2960","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720696115","article-title":"Chronic stress promotes colitis by disturbing the gut microbiota and triggering immune system response","volume":"115","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201400376","article-title":"Suppression of Splenic Lymphocyte Proliferation by Eucommia ulmoides and Genipin","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"1934518","article-title":"Sunlight Effects on Immune System: Is There Something Else in addition to UV-Induced Immunosuppression?","volume":"2016","author":"Paz","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d1093","DOI":"10.2741\/1089","article-title":"Molecular pharmacology regulation and function of mammalian melatonin receptors","volume":"8","author":"Dubocovich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.03.003","article-title":"Melatonin and mitochondrial function","volume":"75","author":"Leon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12224","article-title":"Anatomical and cellular localization of melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors in the adult rat brain","volume":"58","author":"Lacoste","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"401","article-title":"The roles of orphan nuclear receptors in the development and function of the immune system","volume":"1","author":"Dzhagalov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2014.11.013","article-title":"Photoperiodic regulation of nuclear melatonin receptor ROR\u03b1 in lymphoid organs of a tropical rodent Funambulus pennanti: Role in seasonal oxidative stress","volume":"142","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(99)00271-4","article-title":"Exogenous melatonin: Quantitative enhancement in vivo of cells mediating non-specific immunity","volume":"104","author":"Currier","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, H., Kang, J., Fan, W., He, H., and Huang, F. (2021). ROR: Nuclear Receptor for Melatonin or Not?. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092693"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1159\/000109532","article-title":"Evidence for a Direct Action of Melatonin on the Immune System","volume":"3","author":"Poon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosignals"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.025","article-title":"Melatonin Contributes to the Seasonality of Multiple Sclerosis Relapses","volume":"162","author":"Farez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10416","article-title":"Age-related changes in the avian primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bursa of Fabricius): Aging of Avian Primary Lymphoid Organs","volume":"62","author":"Ciriaco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-00812","article-title":"Heat stress impairs performance parameters, induces intestinal injury, and decreases macrophage activity in broiler chickens","volume":"89","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.1.18","article-title":"Effects of photoperiod and melatonin on lymphocyte activities in male broiler chickens","volume":"79","author":"Kliger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.2000.7496","article-title":"Effects of Lighting Conditions and Melatonin Supplementation on the Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Japanese Quail Coturnix coturnix japonica","volume":"119","author":"Moore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(94)90081-7","article-title":"Light color: Effect on blood cells, immune function and stress status in turkey hens","volume":"108","author":"Scott","year":"1994","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Physiol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.06.008","article-title":"Melatonin mediates monochromatic light\u2013induced proliferation of T\/B lymphocytes in the spleen via the membrane receptor or nuclear receptor","volume":"99","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2014.05.014","article-title":"Effect of a combination of green and blue monochromatic light on broiler immune response","volume":"138","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6480(03)00011-X","article-title":"Melatonin enhances cellular and humoral immune responses in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) via an opiatergic mechanism","volume":"131","author":"Moore","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2013.09.003","article-title":"Melatonin receptor subtypes Mel1a and Mel1c but not Mel1b are associated with monochromatic light-induced B-lymphocyte proliferation in broilers","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.05.001","article-title":"Effect of melatonin on monochromatic light-induced T-lymphocyte proliferation in the thymus of chickens","volume":"161","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00317","article-title":"Effects of Monochromatic Light on Immune Response of Broilers","volume":"87","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5595376","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5595376","article-title":"A Green and Blue Monochromatic Light Combination Therapy Reduces Oxidative Stress and Enhances B-Lymphocyte Proliferation through Promoting Melatonin Secretion","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2013.08.018","article-title":"Photoperiodic induced melatonin regulates immunity and expression pattern of melatonin receptor MT1 in spleen and bone marrow mononuclear cells of male golden hamster","volume":"128","author":"Vishwas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2013.03.005","article-title":"Reciprocal interaction between melatonin receptors (Mel1a, Mel1b, and Mel1c) and androgen receptor (AR) expression in immunoregulation of a seasonally breeding bird, Perdicula asiatica: Role of photoperiod","volume":"122","author":"Yadav","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12019","article-title":"Analysis of the daily changes of melatonin receptors in the rat liver","volume":"54","author":"Venegas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2005.00220.x","article-title":"Melatonin synthesis and melatonin-membrane receptor (MT1) expression during rat thymus development: Role of the pineal gland","volume":"39","author":"Guerrero","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00604.x","article-title":"Decreased MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptor expression in extrapineal tissues of the rat during physiological aging","volume":"46","author":"Lardone","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90090-X","article-title":"Melatonin receptors are for the birds: Molecular analysis of two receptor subtypes differentially expressed in chick brain","volume":"15","author":"Reppert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.12.040194.001041","article-title":"Function and activation of NF-kappaB in the immune system","volume":"12","author":"Baeuerle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112304","article-title":"Achieving stability of lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-\u03baB activation","volume":"309","author":"Covert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"RE1","article-title":"The NF-kappa B activation pathway: A paradigm in information transfer from membrane to nucleus","volume":"1999","author":"DM","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sci STKE"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.621","article-title":"Phosphorylation meets ubiquitination: The control of NF-\u03baB activity","volume":"18","author":"Karin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/nri910","article-title":"NF-\u03baB regulation in the immune system","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.12.033","article-title":"A Fourth I\u03baB Protein within the NF-\u03baB Signaling Module","volume":"128","author":"Basak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/embo-reports\/kve007","article-title":"The orphan nuclear receptor ROR\u03b1 is a negative regulator of the inflammatory response","volume":"2","author":"Delerive","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101878","article-title":"White light emitting diode induces autophagy in hippocampal neuron cells through GSK-3-mediated GR and ROR\u03b1 pathways","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2012.10.001","article-title":"Differential and day-time dependent expression of nuclear receptors ROR\u03b1, ROR\u03b2, ROR\u03b3 and RXR\u03b1 in the rodent pancreas and islet","volume":"365","author":"Wolgast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2012.01.021","article-title":"Daily variation in antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in lungs of a tropical bird Perdicula asiatica: Role of melatonin and nuclear receptor ROR\u03b1","volume":"162","author":"Kharwar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-015-3061-z","article-title":"Effects of Melatonin on Morphological and Functional Parameters of the Pineal Gland and Organs of Immune System in Rats During Natural Light Cycle and Constant Illumination","volume":"159","author":"Litvinenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849780","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.849780","article-title":"Effects of Different Monochromatic Light Combinations on Cecal Microbiota Composition and Cecal Tonsil T Lymphocyte Proliferation","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2009.11.014","article-title":"Photoimmunomodulation and melatonin","volume":"98","author":"Haldar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R97","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1999.276.1.R97","article-title":"Influence of photoperiod on immune cell functions in the male Siberian hamster","volume":"276","author":"Yellon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-119-2-648","article-title":"Effect of Light Irradiance and Wavelength on the Syrian Hamster Reproductive System*","volume":"119","author":"Brainard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001790205","article-title":"Splenic hypertrophy and extramedullary hematopoiesis induced in male Syrian hamsters by short photoperiod or melatonin injections and reversed by melatonin pellets or pinealectomy","volume":"179","author":"Vaughan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00177","article-title":"The effect of light intensity on the behavior, eye and leg health, and immune function of broiler chickens","volume":"88","author":"Blatchford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/074873049601100202","article-title":"Photoperiod and Temperature Interact to Affect Immune Parameters in Adult Male Deer Mice: (Peromyscus manicuiatus)","volume":"11","author":"Demas","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/074873040101600305","article-title":"Photoperiod Modulates the Inhibitory Effect of In Vitro Melatonin on Lymphocyte Proliferation in Female Siberian Hamsters","volume":"16","author":"Prendergast","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-017-2644-6","article-title":"Physiological crosstalk between the AC\/PKA and PLC\/PKC pathways modulates melatonin-mediated, monochromatic-light-induced proliferation of T-lymphocytes in chickens","volume":"369","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2013.06.027","article-title":"The effect of monochromatic photostimulation on growth and development of broiler birds","volume":"190","author":"Rozenboim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-01416","article-title":"Effects of monochromatic light on mucosal mechanical and immunological barriers in the small intestine of broilers","volume":"90","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2008.00849.x","article-title":"Effects of Monochromatic Light on Proliferation Response of Splencyte in Broilers","volume":"37","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000054684","article-title":"Melatonin Receptor Subtype MT2 (Mel 1b) and Not mt1 (Mel 1a) Is Associated with Melatonin-Induced Enhancement of Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity","volume":"74","author":"Drazen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10132","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.18.10132","article-title":"Retinoid-related orphan receptor \u03b3 (ROR\u03b3) is essential for lymphoid organogenesis and controls apoptosis during thymopoiesis","volume":"97","author":"Kurebayashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.01.004","article-title":"Identification of Natural ROR\u03b3 Ligands that Regulate the Development of Lymphoid Cells","volume":"21","author":"Santori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80645-7","article-title":"ROR\u03b3t, a Novel Isoform of an Orphan Receptor, Negatively Regulates Fas Ligand Expression and IL-2 Production in T Cells","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096472","article-title":"Thymic Origin of Intestinal \u03b1\u00df T Cells Revealed by Fate Mapping of ROR\u03b3t+ Cells","volume":"305","author":"Eberl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_222","first-page":"239","article-title":"The role of intestinal microbial\/immune cell interactions in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"22","author":"Chairakaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.03.010","article-title":"Innate immune recognition on the intestinal mucosa","volume":"297","author":"Lotz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_224","first-page":"1288","article-title":"Impaired gut barrier function in malnourished patients: Impaired gut barrier function in malnourished patients","volume":"83","author":"Reynolds","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.5.870","article-title":"Response of Turkey Poults to Soybean Lectin Levels Typically Encountered in Commercial Diets. 2. Effect on Intestinal Development and Lymphoid Organs","volume":"85","author":"Fasina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/80.4.438","article-title":"Changes in Growth and Function of Chick Small Intestine Epithelium Due to Early Thermal Conditioning","volume":"80","author":"Uni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i11.2385","article-title":"Gut in diseases: Physiological elements and their clinical significance","volume":"9","author":"Ding","year":"2003","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-635X2006000400006","article-title":"Influence of delayed placement and dietary lysine levels on small intestine morphometrics and performance of broilers","volume":"8","author":"Franco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ci\u00eanc. Av\u00edcola"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2004.00501.x","article-title":"Intestinal Villus Histological Alterations in Piglets fed Dietary Charcoal Powder Including Wood Vinegar Compound Liquid","volume":"33","author":"Mekbungwan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol. J. Vet. Med. Ser. C"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.6.1030","article-title":"Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on digestive enzyme activities, intestinal microflora and morphology of male broilers","volume":"82","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/88.4.359","article-title":"Absorption of Amino Acids from the Small Intestine of Domestic Fowl","volume":"88","author":"Tasaki","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00330","article-title":"Effects of pig antibacterial peptides on growth performance and intestine mucosal immune of broiler chickens","volume":"88","author":"Bao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00244","article-title":"Effects of dietary inclusion of probiotic and synbiotic on growth performance, organ weights, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens","volume":"88","author":"Awad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00353","article-title":"Effects of Rabbit Sacculus Rotundus Antimicrobial Peptides on the Intestinal Mucosal Immunity in Chickens","volume":"87","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_235","first-page":"163","article-title":"Intraepithelial lymphocytes in birds","volume":"37","author":"Kasahara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv. Host Def. Mech."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.01.017","article-title":"Effect of orally administered probiotic E. coli strain Nissle 1917 on intestinal mucosal immune cells of healthy young pigs","volume":"111","author":"Duncker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_237","unstructured":"Sim, G.-K. (1995). Advances in Immunology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_238","first-page":"84","article-title":"Studies on the lymphocytes in the intestinal epithelium of the chicken: 1. Ontogeny","volume":"80","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. A Pathol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00318748","article-title":"Postnatal development of intra-epithelial leukocytes in the chicken digestive tract: Phenotypical characterization in situ","volume":"274","author":"Vervelde","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2007.00799.x","article-title":"The Effect of Selenium and Vitamin E on the Lymphocytes and Immunoglobulin-containing Plasma cells in the Lymphoid organ and Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissues of Broiler Chickens","volume":"37","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol. J. Vet. Med. Ser. C"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.7.1323","article-title":"Enhancement of Mucosal Immune Responses in Chickens by Oral Administration of Cysteamine","volume":"86","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62704-4","article-title":"Breastfeeding Provides Passive and Likely Long-Lasting Active Immunity","volume":"81","author":"Hanson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.07.001","article-title":"Successive immunoglobulin and cytokine expression in the small intestine of juvenile chicken","volume":"34","author":"Lammers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.01.052","article-title":"Effect of compound mucosal immune adjuvant on mucosal and systemic immune responses in chicken orally vaccinated with attenuated Newcastle-disease vaccine","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00932.x","article-title":"Evidence that membrane-bound G protein-coupled melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 are not involved in the neuroprotective effects of melatonin in focal cerebral ischemia: Role of melatonin receptors in brain injury","volume":"52","author":"Kilic","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03805","article-title":"Effects of monochromatic light stimuli on the development and Muc2 expression of goblet cells in broiler small intestines during embryogenesis","volume":"93","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C183","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1991.260.2.C183","article-title":"Functional biology of intestinal goblet cells","volume":"260","author":"Specian","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10863","article-title":"Goblet cells deliver luminal antigen to CD103+ dendritic cells in the small intestine","volume":"483","author":"McDole","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.6.1131S","article-title":"Microbial modulation of innate defense: Goblet cells and the intestinal mucus layer","volume":"73","author":"Deplancke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00222","article-title":"Bacterial Modulation of Small Intestinal Goblet Cells and Mucin Composition During Early Posthatch Development of Poultry","volume":"86","author":"Forder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_251","first-page":"71","article-title":"Production, structure and biologic relevance of gastrointestinal mucins","volume":"1995","author":"Forstner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. Gastrointest. Tract"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(01)02052-7","article-title":"The MUC family: An obituary","volume":"27","author":"Dekker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-3-99","article-title":"The role of crude human saliva and purified salivary MUC5B and MUC7 mucins in the inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 in an inhibition assay","volume":"3","author":"Habte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.10","article-title":"Intestinal mucins in colonization and host defense against pathogens","volume":"60","author":"Keller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15064","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803124105","article-title":"The inner of the two Muc2 mucin-dependent mucus layers in colon is devoid of bacteria","volume":"105","author":"Johansson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.04.020","article-title":"Muc2-Deficient Mice Spontaneously Develop Colitis, Indicating That MUC2 Is Critical for Colonic Protection","volume":"131","author":"Velcich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.2.320","article-title":"Pre- and posthatch development of goblet cells in the broiler small intestine: Effect of delayed access to feed","volume":"82","author":"Uni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009233230706","article-title":"Cellular automata cryptographic model based on bi-directional toggle rules","volume":"7","author":"Monteiro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G179","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1993.264.2.G179","article-title":"Regulation of intestinal epithelial proliferation: A few answers, many questions","volume":"264","author":"Podolsky","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.9.1311","article-title":"Effect of zinc bacitracin and salinomycin on intestinal microflora and performance of broilers","volume":"79","author":"Engberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.01.001","article-title":"Effects of anticoccidial and antibiotic growth promoter programs on broiler performance and immune status","volume":"93","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2019.576.584","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Supplement of Algae (Spirulina platensis) as an Alternative to Antibiotics on Growth Performance and Health Status of Broiler Chickens","volume":"18","author":"Rubel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0144-5","article-title":"Mining the microbiota for microbial and metabolite-based immunotherapies","volume":"19","author":"Skelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_264","first-page":"133","article-title":"Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus bacteria strains against anaerobic gastrointestinal tract pathogens (Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium difficile)","volume":"53","author":"Strus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Dosw. Mikrobiol."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","article-title":"The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids from Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00542-2","article-title":"Linkage between the intestinal microbiota and residual feed intake in broiler chickens","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-015-0301-4","article-title":"Combining free and aggregated cellulolytic systems in the cellulosome-producing bacterium Ruminiclostridium cellulolyticum","volume":"8","author":"Ravachol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO00309E","article-title":"Dietary fucoidan modulates the gut microbiota in mice by increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus and Ruminococcaceae","volume":"7","author":"Shang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32833eebe5","article-title":"Butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids as modulators of immunity: What relevance for health?","volume":"13","author":"Meijer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322269111","article-title":"The microbial metabolite butyrate regulates intestinal macrophage function via histone deacetylase inhibition","volume":"111","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao4755","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao4755","article-title":"Antibiotics induce sustained dysregulation of intestinal T cell immunity by perturbing macrophage homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826748","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1826748","article-title":"Butyrate mediates anti-inflammatory effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in intestinal epithelial cells through Dact3","volume":"12","author":"Lenoir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6543-z","article-title":"Increased intracellular calcium level and impaired nutrient absorption are important pathogenicity traits in the chicken intestinal epithelium during Campylobacter jejuni colonization","volume":"99","author":"Awad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolka, B., Chrobak-Chmiel, D., Makrai, L., and Szeleszczuk, P. (2016). Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Enterococcus cecorum strains associated with infections in poultry. BMC Vet. Res., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0761-1"},{"key":"ref_275","first-page":"114","article-title":"Lightening effect of the extract of human appendix mucosa on frog skin melanophores","volume":"8","author":"Raikhlin","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1159\/000014545","article-title":"Prospects of the Clinical Utilization of Melatonin","volume":"7","author":"Bubenik","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosignals"},{"key":"ref_277","unstructured":"Pang, S.F., Reiter, R.J., and Tang, P.L. (1996). Frontiers of Hormone Research, Karger Publishers."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraschini, F., and Reiter, R.J. (1991). Role of Melatonin and Pineal Peptides in Neuroimmunomodulation, Springer US.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3756-4"},{"key":"ref_279","first-page":"453","article-title":"Melatonin and the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"53","author":"Martin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Therapie"},{"key":"ref_280","first-page":"93","article-title":"Pineal-digestive organ relations: Physiological and pathophysiological significance of melatonin in the digestive system","volume":"51","author":"Kachi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hirosaki Med. J."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01946561","article-title":"Immunohistological localization of melatonin in the rat digestive system","volume":"33","author":"Bubenik","year":"1977","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1038\/169800b0","article-title":"Identification of enteramine, the specific hormone of the enterochromaffin cell system, as 5-hydroxytryptamine","volume":"169","author":"Erspamer","year":"1952","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/28.3.6444434","article-title":"Determination of immunoreactive melatonin in the colon of the rat by immunocytochemistry","volume":"28","author":"Holloway","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(85)90136-4","article-title":"Presence of immunoreactive melatonin in different tissues of the pigeon (Columba livia)","volume":"58","author":"Vakkuri","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb56826.x","article-title":"Melatonin Synthesis in the Gastrointestinal Tract and the Impact of Nutritional Factors on Circulating Melatonin","volume":"719","author":"Huether","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1159\/000109491","article-title":"Melatonin and Its Receptors in the Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosignals"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1159\/000109107","article-title":"Pinealectomy Reduces Melatonin Levels in the Serum but Not in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Rats","volume":"6","author":"Bubenik","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosignals"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(92)90402-B","article-title":"Effect of tryptophan administration on circulating melatonin levels in chicks and rats: Evidence for stimulation of melatonin synthesis and release in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"51","author":"Huether","year":"1992","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-101-1-119","article-title":"A Specific Radioimmunoassay for Melatonin in Biological Tissue and Fluids and its Validation by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry","volume":"101","author":"Kennaway","year":"1977","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(93)90106-D","article-title":"Tryptophan loading increases daytime serum melatonin levels in intact and pinealectomized rats","volume":"52","author":"Yaga","year":"1993","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1998.tb00367.x","article-title":"Relationship between melatonin levels in plasma and gastrointestinal tissues and the incidence and severity of gastric ulcers in pigs","volume":"24","author":"Bubenik","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)76431-X","article-title":"The Fate of Melatonin in Animals","volume":"236","author":"Kopin","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079x.2000.280102.x","article-title":"Circadian variation of portal, arterial and venous blood levels of melatonin in pigs and its relationship to food intake and sleep: Circadian rhythm of melatonin in the pig GIT","volume":"28","author":"Bubenik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01923948","article-title":"The contribution of extrapineal sites of melatonin synthesis to circulating melatonin levels in higher vertebrates","volume":"49","author":"Huether","year":"1993","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02247718","article-title":"The metabolic fate of infusedl-tryptophan in men: Possible clinical implications of the accumulation of circulating tryptophan and tryptophan metabolites","volume":"109","author":"Huether","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(01)01143-2","article-title":"Presence of melatonin in the human hepatobiliary-gastrointestinal tract","volume":"69","author":"Messner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1996.tb00294.x","article-title":"Melatonin concentrations in serum and tissues of porcine gastrointestinal tract and their relationship to the intake and passage of food","volume":"21","author":"Bubenik","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1126\/science.877566","article-title":"Suprachiasmatic Nuclear Lesions Do Not Abolish Food-Shifted Circadian Adrenal and Temperature Rhythmicity","volume":"197","author":"Krieger","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(99)00137-7","article-title":"Food Restriction Alters the Diurnal Distribution of Sleep in Rats","volume":"67","author":"Roky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1992.tb00020.x","article-title":"The effect of food deprivation on brain and gastrointestinal tissue levels of tryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and melatonin","volume":"12","author":"Bubenik","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1999.tb00567.x","article-title":"Melatonin concentrations in the luminal fluid, mucosa, and muscularis of the bovine and porcine gastrointestinal tract","volume":"26","author":"Bubenik","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240530415","article-title":"Nuclear localization of melatonin in different mammalian tissues: Immunocytochemical and radioimmunoassay evidence","volume":"53","author":"Poeggeler","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1159\/000109445","article-title":"Regional and Diurnal Studies of Melatonin and Melatonin Binding Sites in the Duck Gastro-lntestinal Tract","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosignals"},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-1996-1138","article-title":"Functional connections between the pineal gland and immune system","volume":"56","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_305","first-page":"151","article-title":"Reciprocal interdependence between pineal gland and avian immune system","volume":"20","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_306","first-page":"61","article-title":"Melatonin in immunity: Comparative aspects","volume":"23","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb56845.x","article-title":"Pineal Gland and Immune System: Immune Functions in the Chick Embryo Pinealectomized at 96 Hours of Incubation a","volume":"719","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1991.tb00815.x","article-title":"Pineal influence on the diurnal rhythm of nonspecific immunity indices in chickens","volume":"10","author":"Tnaela","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1996.tb00268.x","article-title":"A role for bursa fabricii and bursin in the ontogeny of the pineal biosynthetic activity in the chicken","volume":"21","author":"Boudard","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1994.tb00128.x","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of melatonin on production of IFN\u03b3 or TNF\u03b1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of some blood donors","volume":"17","author":"Paulesu","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7530","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.12.7530","article-title":"Human lymphocyte production of corticotropin and endorphin-like substances: Association with leukocyte interferon","volume":"78","author":"Smith","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00149.x","article-title":"Immunomodulatory role of melatonin: Specific binding sites in human and rodent lymphoid cells","volume":"18","author":"Calvo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2800727","article-title":"Melatonin biosynthesis and metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes","volume":"280","author":"Finocchiaro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1159\/000227218","article-title":"A Study of the Mechanisms Involved in the Immunostimulatory Action of the Pineal Hormone in Cancer Patients","volume":"50","author":"Lissoni","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00144.x","article-title":"T-Helper-2 lymphocytes as a peripheral target of melatonin","volume":"18","author":"Maestroni","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/07435809209035401","article-title":"A Brief Survey of Pineal Gland-Immune System Interrelationships","volume":"18","author":"Guerrero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocr. Res."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(01)00419-2","article-title":"Assessment of melatonin\u2019s ability to regulate cytokine production by macrophage and microglia cell types","volume":"120","author":"Shafer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3916","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.11.3916","article-title":"Use of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin to characterize melatonin binding sites in chicken retina","volume":"84","author":"Dubocovich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1203614","article-title":"Tryptophan consumption and indoleamines production by peritoneal cavity macrophages","volume":"75","author":"Martins","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/66006\/2013","article-title":"Diurnal and seasonal changes in IL-6 and IL-18 gene expression in blood leukocytes of male chickens with experimental peritonitis: The impact of lighting conditions and melatonin","volume":"22","author":"Turkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Feed Sci."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1999.tb00615.x","article-title":"Interindividual differences in the pattern of melatonin secretion of the Wistar rat","volume":"27","author":"Barassin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0739-7240(98)00015-0","article-title":"Neuroimmunoregulation and natural immunity","volume":"15","author":"Berczi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.126.1.385","article-title":"Lymphokine-containing supernatants from con A-stimulated cells increase corticosterone blood levels","volume":"126","author":"Besedovsky","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_324","first-page":"1","article-title":"Production of Peptide Hormones and Neurotransmitters by the Immune System1","volume":"52","author":"Blalock","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroimmunoendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00204-3","article-title":"Serotonergic markers and lowered plasma branched-chain-amino acid concentrations in fibromyalgia","volume":"97","author":"Maes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_326","first-page":"241","article-title":"Blockade by ouabain or elevated potassium ion concentration of the adrenergic and adenosine cyclic 3\u2032, 5\u2032-monophosphate-induced stimulation of pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity","volume":"11","author":"PARFITT","year":"1975","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.1995.1005","article-title":"Influence of Immune Signals on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis of the Rodent","volume":"16","author":"Rivier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001620205","article-title":"Lymphopoiesis in the chicken pineal gland","volume":"162","author":"Cogburn","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_329","first-page":"2109","article-title":"Functional lymphocytes in the chicken pineal gland","volume":"130","author":"Cogburn","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Baltim. Md 1950"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/13\/2095\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:59:45Z","timestamp":1760126385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/13\/2095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]},"references-count":329,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13132095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13132095","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]}}}