{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:10:33Z","timestamp":1783091433783,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pimobendan is an inotropic and vasodilator drug with no sympathomimetic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the haemodynamic effects of pimobendan during anaesthesia in healthy senior dogs. A prospective, randomised, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study was conducted. Thirty-three dogs (median [range]: 9 [7, 12] years) were anaesthetised for surgical procedures. The dogs were randomly allocated into two groups: eighteen dogs received intravenous pimobendan at a dose of 0.15 mg\/kg (PIMOBENDAN), and fifteen dogs received intravenous saline solutions at a dose of 0.2 mL\/kg (PLACEBO). Data were recorded before, 1 min, 10 min, and 20 min after injection. Velocity-time integral (VTI), peak-velocity (PV), and mean-acceleration (MA) were measured using an oesophageal Doppler monitor (ODM). Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were also registered. The data were analysed using a two-way ANOVA for trimmed means. Statistical differences were considered if p &lt; 0.05. Twenty minutes after injection, the VTI (13.0 cm [10.4, 22.3]), PV (95.0 [83.0, 160] m\/s), and MA (12.6 [9.40, 17.0] m\/s2) were significantly higher in the PIMOBENDAN group compared to the PLACEBO group (VTI: 10.5 [6.50, 17.4] cm, PV: 80.0 [62.0, 103] m\/s and MA: 10.2 [7.00, 16.0] ms2). No significant differences were observed in the rest of the variables. Using pimobendan during anaesthesia increases VTI, PV, and MA, as measured by an ODM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T02:23:09Z","timestamp":1687746189000},"page":"2110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Haemodynamic Effects of Pimobendan during General Anaesthesia in Healthy Senior Dogs: A Prospective, Randomised, Triple-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ignacio","family":"S\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Hospital Veterinario AniCura-Vetsia, Legan\u00e9s, 28914 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5377-9650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 I.","family":"Redondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3618-6658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo A.","family":"Donati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Management, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1427, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2573-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AniCura Iberia Medical Department, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.05.001","article-title":"Anesthesia and analgesia for geriatric veterinary patients","volume":"42","author":"Baetge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-61-6-380","article-title":"Anaesthesia for the geriatric dog and cat","volume":"61","author":"Hughes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-35-1-13","article-title":"Complications and mortality associated with anesthesia in dogs and cats","volume":"35","author":"Gaynor","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"728","article-title":"Hypotension During Anesthesia in Dogs and Cats: Recognition, Causes, and Treatment","volume":"23","author":"Mazzaferro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compendium"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2007.00987.x","article-title":"Normal Values and Incidence of Cardiorespiratory Complications in Dogs During General Anaesthesia. A Review of 1281 Cases","volume":"54","author":"Redondo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15438","article-title":"Use of 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography to assess left ventricular systolic function in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Corda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809502900309","article-title":"Proarrhythmic Effects of Intravenous Vasopressors","volume":"29","author":"Tisdale","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.7.1121","article-title":"Impact of dopamine or dobutamine infusions on cardiovascular variables after rapid blood loss and volume replacement during isoflurane-induced anesthesia in dogs","volume":"67","author":"Dyson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2004.00151.x","article-title":"Dobutamine-induced bradycardia in a dog","volume":"32","author":"Hofmeister","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"S7","article-title":"Hemodynamic Profile of the Cardiotonic Agent Pimobendan","volume":"14","author":"Diederen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Pharmacological studies of a novel cardiotonic agent, pimobendan (UD-CG 115 BS)","volume":"20","author":"Yokota","year":"1992","journal-title":"Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14586","article-title":"Effect of Pimobendan in Dogs with Preclinical Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease and Cardiomegaly: The EPIC Study\u2014A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"30","author":"Boswood","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15488","article-title":"ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Keene","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.01026.x","article-title":"Efficacy of Pimobendan in the Prevention of Congestive Heart Failure or Sudden Death in Doberman Pinschers with Preclinical Dilated Cardiomyopathy (The PROTECT Study)","volume":"26","author":"Summerfield","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.18-0185","article-title":"Inotropic effects of a single intravenous recommended dose of pimobendan in healthy dogs","volume":"81","author":"Hori","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656902","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.656902","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Injectable Pimobendan and Its Metabolite, O-Desmethyl-Pimobendan, in Healthy Dogs","volume":"8","author":"Pichayapaiboon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1991.tb03541.x","article-title":"The Effect of Pimobendan on Myocardial Mechanical Function and Metabolism in Dogs: Comparison with Dobutamine","volume":"43","author":"Ichihara","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.86.4.1291","article-title":"Mechanoenergetic effects of pimobendan in canine left ventricles. Comparison with dobutamine","volume":"86","author":"Hata","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15716.x","article-title":"Influence of levosimendan, pimobendan, and milrinone on the regional distribution of cardiac output in anaesthetized dogs","volume":"119","author":"Pagel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12362","article-title":"Evaluation of an oesophageal Doppler device for monitoring cardiac output in anaesthetised healthy normotensive dogs","volume":"56","author":"Cediel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet212","article-title":"Assessment of changes in left ventricular systolic function with oesophageal Doppler","volume":"111","author":"Monnet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8175.2002.00207.x","article-title":"Doppler Flow Velocity Measurement to Assess Changes in Inotropy and Afterload: A Study in Healthy Dogs","volume":"19","author":"Sohn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"419","article-title":"Effect of different analgesic techniques on hemodynamic variables recorded with an esophageal Doppler monitor during ovariohysterectomy in dogs","volume":"59","author":"Soto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"722","article-title":"Agreement between transthoracic echocardiography and esophageal Doppler on aortic flow variables in anesthetised mechanically ventilated dogs","volume":"63","author":"Verdier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2022, June 28). Real Decreto 53\/2013, de 1 de Febrero, por el que se Establecen las Normas B\u00e1sicas Aplicables para la Protecci\u00f3n de los Animales Utilizados en Experimentaci\u00f3n y Otros Fines Cient\u00edficos, Incluyendo la Docencia. Available online: https:\/\/www.boe.es\/eli\/es\/rd\/2013\/02\/01\/53."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"R Core Team (2022). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Core Team. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Champely, S. (2022, June 28). Pwr: Basic Functions for Power Analysis. R Package Version 1.3-0. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=pwr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-019-01246-w","article-title":"Robust statistical methods in R using the WRS2 package","volume":"52","author":"Mair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969304","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.969304","article-title":"Hemodynamic effect of pimobendan following intramuscular and intravenous administration in healthy dogs: A pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Enokizono","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0b013e32832b7083","article-title":"Oesophageal Doppler","volume":"15","author":"Singer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265021505001717","article-title":"Comparison of invasive and less-invasive techniques of cardiac output measurement under different haemodynamic conditions in a pig model","volume":"23","author":"Bajorat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-020-00170-x","article-title":"Rationale for using the velocity\u2013time integral and the minute distance for assessing the stroke volume and cardiac output in point-of-care settings","volume":"12","author":"Blanco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound J."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"ajvr.22.11.0198","article-title":"Esophageal Doppler-derived indices and arterial load variables provide useful hemodynamic information during assessment of fluid responsiveness in anesthetized dogs undergoing acute changes in blood volume","volume":"84","author":"Paranjape","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cattai, A., Rabozzi, R., Ferasin, H., Isola, M., and Franci, P. (2018). Haemodynamic changes during propofol induction in dogs: New findings and approach of monitoring. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1608-8"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(98)50126-X","article-title":"Doppler Echocardiography. I. Pulsed-Wave and Continuous-Wave Examinations","volume":"28","author":"Bonagura","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00800.x","article-title":"The Effect of Pimobendan on Left Atrial Pressure in Dogs with Mitral Valve Regurgitation","volume":"25","author":"Suzuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2018.01.002","article-title":"The evaluation of drug-induced changes in left ventricular function in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs","volume":"91","author":"Koshman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15976","article-title":"Effects of pimobendan on left atrial transport function in cats","volume":"35","author":"Kochie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1054\/jcaf.2002.129658","article-title":"Disparate force-frequency effects of pimobendan and dobutamine in conscious dogs with tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"8","author":"Joho","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.1990.tb00344.x","article-title":"Doppler Echocardiographic Evaluation of Left Ventricular Function","volume":"7","author":"Saeian","year":"1990","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79866-y","article-title":"Aortic acceleration as a noninvasive index of left ventricular contractility in the mouse","volume":"11","author":"Perez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(88)80075-0","article-title":"Comparison of Peak and Modal Aortic Blood Flow Velocities With Invasive Measures of Left Ventricular Performance","volume":"1","author":"Sagar","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/13\/2110\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:00:45Z","timestamp":1760126445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/13\/2110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13132110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13132110","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]}}}