{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T21:31:18Z","timestamp":1769117478482,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT)","award":["CU_FRB65_food(20)_184_31_03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CU_FRB65_food(20)_184_31_03"]}]},{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund at Chulalongkorn University","award":["CU_FRB65_food(20)_184_31_03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CU_FRB65_food(20)_184_31_03"]}]},{"name":"90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Fund","award":["CU_FRB65_food(20)_184_31_03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CU_FRB65_food(20)_184_31_03"]}]},{"name":"Second Century Fund (C2F), Chulalongkorn University (PN) of 2019","award":["CU_FRB65_food(20)_184_31_03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CU_FRB65_food(20)_184_31_03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>FSHr antibodies have been shown to inhibit the differentiation of spermatogonia to primary spermatocytes, resulting in infertility without a pathological effect on reproductive organs. The aim of this study was to develop single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) against the follicular-stimulating hormone receptor (anti-FSHr) using phage-display technology and to evaluate the effects of intratesticular administration of the anti-FSHr scFv on testicular function and testosterone production. A phage clone against the extracellular domain of FSHr selected from a scFv phagemid library was analyzed for binding kinetics by surface plasmon resonance. Using ultrasound guidance, three adult macaques (M. fascicularis) were administered with 1 mL of 0.4 mg\/mL anti-FSHr scFv (treatment) and 1 mL sterile phosphate buffer solution (control) into the left and right rete testis, respectively. Testicular appearance and volume, ejaculate quality, and serum testosterone levels were recorded on day 0 (before injection) and on days 7, 28, and 56 (after injection). Testicular tissue biopsies were performed on day 7 and day 56 to quantify the mRNA expressions of androgen binding protein (ABP), inhibin subunit beta B (IHBB), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). The results demonstrated that the anti-FSHr scFv molecule was calculated as 27 kDa with a dissociation constant (KD) of 1.03 \u00b5M. The volume of the anti-FSHr scFv-injected testicle was reduced on days 28 and 56 compared with day 0 (p &lt; 0.05). Total sperm number was reduced from day 0 (36.4 \u00d7 106 cells) to day 56 (1.6 \u00d7 106 cells) (p &lt; 0.05). The percentage of sperm motility decreased from day 0 (81.7 \u00b1 1.0%) to day 7 (23.3 \u00b1 1.9%), day 28 (41.7 \u00b1 53.4%), and day 56 (8.3 \u00b1 1.9%) (p &lt; 0.05). Sperm viability on day 0 was 86.8 \u00b1 0.5%, which reduced to 64.2 \u00b1 1.5%, 67.1 \u00b1 2.2%, and 9.3 \u00b1 1.1% on days 7, 28, and 56, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). The expression of ABP and VEGFA on days 7 (14.2- and 3.2-fold) and 56 (5.6- and 5.5-fold) was less in the scFv-treated testicle compared with the controls (p &lt; 0.05). On day 56, the expression of IHBB was less (p &lt; 0.05) in the treated testis (1.3-fold) compared with the controls. Serum testosterone levels were unchanged throughout the study period (p &gt; 0.05). This study characterized the anti-FSHr scFv and demonstrated that treatment with anti-FSHr ameliorates testicular function without altering testosterone levels, offering a potential alternative contraceptive for the long-tailed macaques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13142282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T01:52:25Z","timestamp":1689213145000},"page":"2282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impaired Testicular Function without Altering Testosterone Concentration Using an Anti-Follicular-Stimulating Hormone Receptor (Anti-FSHr) Single-Chain Variable Fragment (scFv) in Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Pakpoom","family":"Navanukraw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6964-7804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sroisuda","family":"Chotimanukul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taratorn","family":"Kemthong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi 18110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiattawee","family":"Choowongkomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9470-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaywalee","family":"Chatdarong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Current Situation and Status of Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Thailand","volume":"8","author":"Malaivijitnond","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. 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