{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T22:21:47Z","timestamp":1775254907893,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The slaughter process in livestock is considered a stressor where the transport and handling of animals, as well as the selected stunning and bleeding methods, can cause acute pain, distress, and suffering. In water buffaloes, although stunning is known to be performed before bleeding to induce unconsciousness, no emphasis is made on the nociceptive events during this process. Particularly, current mechanical stunning methods applied to cattle are unsuitable for water buffaloes due to anatomical differences in the skull from other large ruminants. Furthermore, although very high-pressure pneumatic (200\u2013220 psi) may be effective in the frontal position for lighter-weight water buffalos, for heavier animals, it is less likely to be effective. The present review aims: (1) to analyze the anatomical particularities of water buffaloes to discuss the importance of selecting a stunning method suitable for buffaloes, and (2) to revise the potential pain-related consequences, such as hyperalgesia and sensitization, and the signs to assess the stun quality and death to comprehend the relevance of a proper technique according to the species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13152406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T01:03:25Z","timestamp":1690333405000},"page":"2406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Slaughtering of Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with and without Stunning: A Focus on the Neurobiology of Pain, Hyperalgesia, and Sensitization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7231-7101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Temple","family":"Grandin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2634-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Velarde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Veinat Sies S-N, 17121 Monells, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Strappini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health & Welfare, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marien","family":"Gerritzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health & Welfare, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2519-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Ghezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8681-4261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Burnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4271-2906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismael","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1valos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, FESC, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54714, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8382-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Casas-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0562-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Mota-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12005","article-title":"Anatomic reference for computed tomography of paranasal sinuses and their communication in the egyptian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)","volume":"42","author":"Alsafy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2115","article-title":"Quality of death in the river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)","volume":"9","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota-Rojas, D., Napolitano, F., Strappini, A., Orihuela, A., Ghezzi, M.D., Hern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1valos, I., Mora-Medina, P., and Whittaker, A.L. (2021). Pain at the slaughterhouse in ruminants with a focus on the neurobiology of sensitisation. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041085"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2008.07.016","article-title":"Effectiveness of poll stunning water buffalo with captive bolt guns","volume":"81","author":"Gregory","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"93","article-title":"Dark cutting in large ruminants: Effect of management and environmental factors","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agro Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Napolitano, F., Mota-Rojas, D., Guerrero-Legarreta, I., and Orihuela, A. (2020). El B\u00fafalo de Agua en Latinoam\u00e9rica, Hallazgos Recientes, BM Editores. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"170","article-title":"Scientific findings on the quality of river buffalo meat and prospects for future studies","volume":"9","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Buffalo Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Napolitano, F., Mota-Rojas, D., Guerrero-Legarreta, I., and Orihuela, A. (2020). El B\u00fafalo de Agua en Latinoam\u00e9rica, Hallazgos Recientes, BM Editores. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2216","article-title":"Effects of transport on water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis): Factors associated with the frequency of skin injuries and meat quality","volume":"10","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Gonz\u00e1lez, D., Minervino, A.H.H., Orihuela, A., Bertoni, A., Morales-Canela, D.A.D.A., \u00c1lvarez-Mac\u00edas, A., Jos\u00e9-P\u00e9rez, N., Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva, A., Mota-Rojas, D., and Hamad, A.M. (2022). Handling and physiological aspects of the dual-purpose water buffalo production system in the mexican humid tropics. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12050608"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-031412-103713","article-title":"Making slaughterhouses more humane for cattle, pigs, and sheep","volume":"1","author":"Grandin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velarde, A., and Dalmau, A. (2017). Slaughter without Stunning, Elsevier Ltd.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-101215-4.00012-2"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7120\/096272812X13353700593680","article-title":"Complications during shechita and halal slaughter without stunning in cattle","volume":"21","author":"Gregory","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2017.08.001","article-title":"Physiology of pain","volume":"29","author":"Ellison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care Nurs. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2015.03.026","article-title":"Effect of neck cut position on time to collapse in halal slaughtered cattle without stunning","volume":"110","author":"Gibson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2009.12.005","article-title":"Time to collapse following slaughter without stunning in cattle","volume":"85","author":"Gregory","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"2103","article-title":"Thermal biology in river buffalo in the humid tropics: Neurophysiological and behavioral responses assessed by infrared thermography","volume":"9","author":"Napolitano","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.6000\/1927-520X.2020.09.12","article-title":"Similarities and differences between river buffaloes and cattle: Health, physiological, behavioral and productivity aspects","volume":"9","author":"Bertoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Buffalo Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2015.11.010","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and computer tomography of brain lesions in water buffaloes and cattle stunned with handguns or captive bolts","volume":"113","author":"Schwenk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-1903-66","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of the skulls of domestic cattle (Bostaurus L.) and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.) in Turkey","volume":"43","author":"Siddiq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turkish J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molnar-Fern\u00e1ndez, V., Mu\u00f1oz-Vargas, L., Romero-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, J.J., and Araya-Rodr\u00edguez, G. (2023). Highly effective frontal stunning procedure using a pneumatic penetrating captive bolt in water buffaloes. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13010177"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"e06275","article-title":"Welfare of cattle at slaughter","volume":"18","author":"Nielsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2007.04.026","article-title":"Depth of concussion in cattle shot by penetrating captive bolt","volume":"77","author":"Gregory","year":"2007","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13168","article-title":"Cattle stunning with a penetrative captive bolt device: A review","volume":"90","author":"Kamenik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2017.04.007","article-title":"Efficiency of low versus high airline pressure in stunning cattle with a pneumatically powered penetrating captive bolt gun","volume":"130","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(08)70003-2","article-title":"Physiology of pain","volume":"30","author":"Lamont","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00022.2017","article-title":"Comparative physiology of nociception and pain","volume":"33","author":"Sneddon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.05.004","article-title":"The Neurobiology of acute pain","volume":"237","author":"Bell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2984","article-title":"Nociceptive pain and axiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2012.04.009","article-title":"Animal welfare assessment at slaughter in Europe: Moving from inputs to outputs","volume":"92","author":"Velarde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2014.964345","article-title":"A scientific comment on the welfare of domesticated ruminants slaughtered without stunning","volume":"63","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"e06148","article-title":"Welfare of pigs at slaughter","volume":"18","author":"Nielsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.5398\/tasj.2022.45.4.482","article-title":"Bleeding time and false aneurysm incidence on cattle slaughtering using non-penetrative pre-slaughter stunning in Indonesia","volume":"45","author":"Supratikno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.7120\/096272812X13353700593888","article-title":"Pain perception at slaughter","volume":"21","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"von Holleben, K., von Wenzlawowicz, N., Gregory, H., Anil, A., Velarde, P., Rodriguez, B., Cenci Goga, B., Catanese, B., and Lambooij, E. (2023, May 21). Report on Good and Adverse Practices-Animal Welfare Concerns in Relation to Slaughter Practices from the Viewpoint of Veterinary Sciences. Available online: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20121104005103\/http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research\/biosociety\/inco\/pdf\/ssa\/dialrel.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1159\/000144923","article-title":"Nerves and nerve endings in the skin of tropical cattle","volume":"100","author":"Amakiri","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v47i1.6","article-title":"Electroencephalographic responses to neck cut and exsanguination in minimally anaesthetized goats","volume":"47","author":"Sabow","year":"2017","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"13","article-title":"Physiology and pathopjysiology of pain","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Gaynor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Handbook of Veterinary Pain Management"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaynor, J.S., and Muir, W.W. (2009). Handbook of Veterinary Pain Management, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-032304679-4.10019-X"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.12.1513","article-title":"Epidermal nerve fiber density","volume":"55","author":"McArthur","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habig, K., Sch\u00e4nzer, A., Schirner, W., Lautenschl\u00e4ger, G., Dassinger, B., Olausson, H., Birklein, F., Gizewski, E.R., and Kr\u00e4mer, H.H. (2017). Low threshold unmyelinated mechanoafferents can modulate pain. BMC Neurol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0963-6"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2009.36884","article-title":"Electroencephalographic responses to concussive non-penetrative captive-bolt stunning in halothane-anaesthetised calves","volume":"57","author":"Gibson","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2009.36885","article-title":"Amelioration of electroencephalographic responses to slaughter by non-penetrative captive-bolt stunning after ventral-neck incision in halothane-anaesthetised calves","volume":"57","author":"Gibson","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.07.013","article-title":"Physiological and electroencephalogram responses in goats subjected to pre-and during slaughter stress","volume":"28","author":"Raghazli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-1744-2","article-title":"Regulation of firing frequency in nociceptive neurons by pro-inflammatory mediators","volume":"196","author":"Momin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"McMahon, S.B., and Koltzenburg, M. (2006). Wall and Melzack\u2019s Textbook of Pain, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.2741\/1960","article-title":"Stress-induced hyperalgesia: Animal models and putative mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Imbe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2013.12.005","article-title":"Cattle behaviours and stockperson actions related to impaired animal welfare at swedish slaughter plants","volume":"152","author":"Hultgren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.6.173","article-title":"Critical points in the transport of cattle to slaughter in spain that may compromise the animals welfare","volume":"149","author":"Villarroel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, P., Abubakar, A.A., Ahmed, M.A., Hayat, M.N., Ajat, M., Kaka, U., Goh, Y.M., and Sazili, A.Q. (2023). Electroencephalogram and physiological responses as affected by slaughter empathy in goats. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13061100"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota-Rojas, D., Napolitano, F., Strappini, A., Orihuela, A., Mart\u00ednez-Burnes, J., Hern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1valos, I., Mora-Medina, P., and Velarde, A. (2021). Quality of death in fighting bulls during bullfights: Neurobiology and physiological responses. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102820"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3329\/bjas.v43i1.19389","article-title":"Injuries of cattle and buffaloes during transportation and slaughter at Chittagong City corporation of Bangladesh","volume":"43","author":"Kober","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI43766","article-title":"Central modulation of pain","volume":"120","author":"Ossipov","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2017.09.014","article-title":"Energy loss and impact of various stunning devices used for the slaughtering of water buffaloes","volume":"135","author":"Glardon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2018.02.010","article-title":"Effectiveness of pneumatically powered penetrating and non-penetrating captive bolts in stunning cattle","volume":"140","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949198","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.949198","article-title":"BigBovid-evaluation of a newly developed 9 mm bullet-shooting stunner for adequate stunning of heavy cattle","volume":"9","author":"Gascho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"87","article-title":"Animal consciousness","volume":"14","author":"Bernard","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA Support. Publ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2016.03.011","article-title":"Consciousness, Unconsciousness and death in the context of slaughter. Part I. Neurobiological mechanisms underlying stunning and killing","volume":"118","author":"Terlouw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Napolitano, F., Mota-Rojas, D., Guerrero-Legarreta, I., and Orihuela, A. (2020). El B\u00fafalo de Agua en Latinoam\u00e9rica, Hallazgos Recientes, BM Editores. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Napolitano, F., Mota-Rojas, D., Guerrero-Legarreta, I., and Orihuela, A. (2020). El B\u00fafalo de Agua En Latinoam\u00e9rica, Hallazgos Recientes, BM Editores. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2010.04.022","article-title":"Auditing animal welfare at slaughter plants","volume":"86","author":"Grandin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s41055-016-0004-y","article-title":"Killing Animals for Food: How science, religion and technologies affect the public debate about religious slaughter","volume":"1","author":"Miele","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Ethics"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.22.4.473","article-title":"Assessment of stun quality at commercial slaughter in cattle shot with captive bolt","volume":"22","author":"Atkinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2016.03.010","article-title":"Consciousness, unconsciousness and death in the context of slaughter. Part II. Evaluation methods","volume":"118","author":"Terlouw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2015.07.010","article-title":"Origins of movements following stunning and during bleeding in cattle","volume":"110","author":"Terlouw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114002596","article-title":"Indicators used in livestock to assess unconsciousness after stunning: A review","volume":"9","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comin, M., Barbieri, S., Minero, M., and Dalla Costa, E. (2023). The feasibility of animal-based indicators of consciousness and unconsciousness for stunning in sheep: A systematic review. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13081395"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020710","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1020710","article-title":"Development of reference intervals for pupillometry in healthy dogs","volume":"9","author":"Mills","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000314","article-title":"Portable infrared pupillometry","volume":"120","author":"Larson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-020-01905-z","article-title":"Pupillometry in perioperative medicine: A narrative review","volume":"68","author":"Packiasabapathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imlan, J.C., Kaka, U., Goh, Y.-M., Idrus, Z., Awad, E.A., Abubakar, A.A., Ahmad, T., Nizamuddin, H.N.Q., and Sazili, A.Q. (2020). Effects of Slaughter Knife Sharpness on Blood Biochemical and Electroencephalogram Changes in Cattle. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10040579"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"311","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier permeability differentiates Sadowski mouse lines of high and low stress-induced analgesia. Electron microscopy analysis","volume":"49","author":"Gajkowska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2011.07.024","article-title":"Arrested blood flow during false aneurysm formation in the carotid arteries of cattle slaughtered with and without stunning","volume":"90","author":"Gregory","year":"2012","journal-title":"Meat Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/15\/2406\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:18:53Z","timestamp":1760127533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/15\/2406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13152406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13152406","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]}}}