{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:39:09Z","timestamp":1784720349129,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Appropriate use of perioperative antimicrobials can significantly reduce the risk of post-operative infections. However, inappropriate antimicrobial use can result in the creation of multidrug-resistant bacteria, increased costs, host flora disruption, side effects and increased risk of hospital-acquired infections. This survey evaluated the current perioperative use of antimicrobials in small animals by Spanish veterinarians using a web-based questionnaire. Responses were represented using descriptive statistics and a statistical analysis of the association between demographic data and perioperative antimicrobial use was performed. Pre-operative antimicrobials were administered in clean surgery by up to 68.3% of participants, 81.0% in clean-contaminated surgery and 71.3% in dirty surgery, while in the post-operative period, antimicrobials were administered by up to 86.3% of participants in clean surgery, 93.2% in clean-contaminated surgery and 87.5% in dirty surgery. Factors considered \u201cvery important\u201d for antimicrobial selection were the degree of wound contamination, patient immunosuppression and use of prosthesis. The most frequently used antimicrobial was beta-lactamase-resistant (or potentiated) penicillin. Post-operative antimicrobial use was associated with participants without specific surgical postgraduate training. This study highlights an overuse of antimicrobials in perioperative procedures in small animal surgery in Spain. Therefore, evidence-based guidelines and further education regarding the correct use of antimicrobial prophylaxis are recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13152475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T10:00:15Z","timestamp":1690797615000},"page":"2475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Spanish Survey on the Perioperative Use of Antimicrobials in Small Animals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Otero Balda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Surgery, Section of Small Animal Clinical Studies, University College Dublin, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0736-8791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Fuertes-Recuero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Penelo Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospitalization, Emergencies and Critical Care Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Espinel Rup\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9439-5726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benoit","family":"Lapostolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1195-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Ayll\u00f3n-Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8242-2658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Ortiz-D\u00edez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81301-9","article-title":"Evaluation of Nosocomial Infections through Contact Patterns in a Small Animal Hospital Using Social Network Analysis and Genotyping Techniques","volume":"11","author":"Churak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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