{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:34:14Z","timestamp":1791426854222,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range Long-Term Agroecosystem Research Program","award":["1000985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1000985"]}]},{"name":"USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range Long-Term Agroecosystem Research Program","award":["12726269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12726269"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch project","award":["1000985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1000985"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch project","award":["12726269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12726269"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Sustainable Agriculture Systems Coordinated Agricultural Project","award":["1000985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1000985"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Sustainable Agriculture Systems Coordinated Agricultural Project","award":["12726269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12726269"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO)","award":["1000985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1000985"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO)","award":["12726269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12726269"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Animal welfare monitoring relies on sensor accuracy for detecting changes in animal well-being. We compared the distance calculations based on global positioning system (GPS) data alone or combined with motion data from triaxial accelerometers. The assessment involved static trackers placed outdoors or indoors vs. trackers mounted on cows grazing on pasture. Trackers communicated motion data at 1 min intervals and GPS positions at 15 min intervals for seven days. Daily distance walked was determined using the following: (1) raw GPS data (RawDist), (2) data with erroneous GPS locations removed (CorrectedDist), or (3) data with erroneous GPS locations removed, combined with the exclusion of GPS data associated with no motion reading (CorrectedDist_Act). Distances were analyzed via one-way ANOVA to compare the effects of tracker placement (Indoor, Outdoor, or Animal). No difference was detected between the tracker placement for RawDist. The computation of CorrectedDist differed between the tracker placements. However, due to the random error of GPS measurements, CorrectedDist for Indoor static trackers differed from zero. The walking distance calculated by CorrectedDist_Act differed between the tracker placements, with distances for static trackers not differing from zero. The fusion of GPS and accelerometer data better detected animal welfare implications related to immobility in grazing cattle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13162641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T10:08:09Z","timestamp":1692180489000},"page":"2641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Real-Time Monitoring of Grazing Cattle Using LORA-WAN Sensors to Improve Precision in Detecting Animal Welfare Implications via Daily Distance Walked Metrics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9323-0208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shelemia","family":"Nyamuryekung\u2019e","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Production and Society, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), PB 115, N-1431 \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn","family":"Duff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Utsumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Estell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8957-8735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew M.","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micah","family":"Funk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1350-1846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiping","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5489-9512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheri","family":"Spiegal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Perea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4733-6463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres F.","family":"Cibils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture Southern Plains Climate Hub, United States Department of Aagricultulre-Agriculture Rearch Services, Oklahoma and Central Plains Agricultural Research Center, El Reno, OK 73036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1071\/AN11250","article-title":"Diurnal Grazing Pattern: Its Physiological Basis and Strategic Management","volume":"52","author":"Gregorini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. 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