{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:10:30Z","timestamp":1791267030252,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal University of Par\u00e1 and Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES) Brazil","award":["PROPESP\/UFPA\u2014Announcement\u201402\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROPESP\/UFPA\u2014Announcement\u201402\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Pr\u00f3-Reitoria de Pesquisa e P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o","award":["PROPESP\/UFPA\u2014Announcement\u201402\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROPESP\/UFPA\u2014Announcement\u201402\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the Lower Amazon mesoregion, there are basically three types of production systems: the traditional (without shade and no bathing area), the silvopastoral (with shade and no bathing area), and the integrated (with shade and bathing area). It is considered that the type of production system influences the thermal comfort and productivity of cattle, so this research aims to evaluate the influence of these three types of production systems on the thermoregulation of Nellore cattle. The experiment was carried out on a rural property for raising cattle, located in Moju\u00ed dos Campos, Par\u00e1, Brazil, during the transition period (June\/July). Thirty bovine males (not castrated, aged between 18 and 20 months, average weight of 250 \u00b1 36 kg, body condition score of 3.5, clinically healthy) were randomly divided into three groups: Silvopastoral System\u2014SS (n = 10), Traditional System\u2014TS (n = 10), and Integrated System\u2014IS (n = 10). Climate variables were collected (air temperature (AT \u00b0C), relative humidity (RH %), wind speed (WS, m\/s), solar radiation (SR), black globe temperature (BGT \u00b0C), and physiological parameters, such as respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT)) at 6 a.m., 12 p.m., 6 p.m., and 12 a.m. to determine the thermal comfort situation of the animals. Thermographic images of the environment and animals were captured in order to obtain the body surface temperature (BST) through infrared thermography. The Benezra Thermal Comfort Index (BTCI), Environmental Stress Index (ESI), Equivalent Temperature Index (ETI), and Iberian Heat Tolerance Index (Iberian HTI) were used. The results showed that the silvopastoral system, with shading by chestnut trees and an ample vegetative area, presented better thermal conditions, with an average of 28.98 \u00b0C, in comparison with the traditional system (35.93 \u00b0C) and the integrated one (34.11 \u00b0C). It was observed that the body surface temperature of cattle did not differ significantly between the anatomical regions of the body and the studied systems (p &gt; 0.05). As for the respiratory rate, the traditional system registered higher values, with an average of 41 movements per minute, indicating possible thermal stress (p &lt; 0.05). The thermal comfort indices revealed that all systems presented moderate stress conditions during times of higher solar intensity. It is concluded that the silvopastoral system proved to be more favorable for cattle, providing shade and reducing thermal stress, which may have a positive impact on animal welfare and productivity in this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13172735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T08:35:05Z","timestamp":1693298105000},"page":"2735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Characterization of Thermal Patterns Using Infrared Thermography and Thermolytic Responses of Cattle Reared in Three Different Systems during the Transition Period in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9287-0465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Welligton Concei\u00e7\u00e3o da","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Federal Rural University of the Amaz\u00f4nia (UFRA), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Castanhal 68746-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6400-6925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamile Andr\u00e9a Rodrigues da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Health and Production, Federal Rural University of the Amaz\u00f4nia (UFRA), Belem 66077-830, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2964-8471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9der Bruno Rebelo da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Federal Rural University of the Amaz\u00f4nia (UFRA), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Castanhal 68746-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9961-2485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f4nio Vinicius Correa","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyberspace Institute, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Belem 66077-830, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7940-927X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Eduardo Lima","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA), Santarem 68010-200, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4182-6030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarina Cardoso de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA), Santarem 68010-200, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3721-6564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Roseane Pereira dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering and Geosciences, Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santarem 68040-255, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6784-5380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kedson Alexandri Lobo","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santarem 68040-255, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3893-3781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucieta Guerreiro","family":"Martorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Eastern Amazon, Santarem 68010-180, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2362-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimundo Nonato Colares","family":"Camargo J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Federal Rural University of the Amaz\u00f4nia (UFRA), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Castanhal 68746-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6441-4577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 de Brito","family":"Louren\u00e7o-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Federal Rural University of the Amaz\u00f4nia (UFRA), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation 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