{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T07:16:07Z","timestamp":1760426167576,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perineal urethrostomy in cats is indicated for urethral pathologies located distal to the bulbourethral glands. The description of the bulbourethral glands as the cranial landmark when performing a PU is based on the increased urethral diameter at this location, rather than on an anatomical limitation. This suggests that urethral pathologies cranial to the bulbourethral glands could potentially be treated with PU. At present, the extent to which the pelvic urethra can be mobilized is unknown. Characterization and quantification of the effect of PU on the pelvic urethra is required prior to attempting to define the location of the pelvic urethra, cranial to the bulbourethral glands, which can be exteriorized when performing a PU. Our aim was to characterize and quantify the effect of performing a PU on the location and length of the pelvic urethra. Methods: Ten male feline cadavers were used, and four markers were placed on the pelvic urethra via a ventral approach to the peritoneal and pelvic cavities. Two orthogonal radiographic views were acquired prior and subsequent to performing a PU. The distance of each marker to a predefined landmark\/origin and the distances of the markers relative to each other were measured on all radiographs. Results: PU resulted in significant caudal translation of the markers relative to the predefined landmark on all radiographic views; however, PU did not result in a significant change in the distances between the markers. Conclusions: Performing a PU results in caudal translation and minimal stretching of the mobilized pelvic urethra.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13182810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T09:59:31Z","timestamp":1693907971000},"page":"2810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Perineal Urethrostomy on the Length of the Urethra of the Cat: A Cadaveric Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5760-1355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Shipov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital-Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture Food & Environment, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inbar","family":"Israeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freelance Surgery, Tel Aviv 5800001, Israel"},{"name":"Freelance Surgery, New York, NY 14925, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Billet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Veterinaire Atlantia, 44200 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoav","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital-Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture Food & Environment, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Milgram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital-Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture Food & Environment, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(96)50200-7","article-title":"Feline lower urinary tract disorders\u2014Definition of terms and concepts","volume":"26","author":"Osborne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. -Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.09.008","article-title":"Changing Paradigms of Feline Idiopathic Cystitis","volume":"39","author":"Kruger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. -Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0732.x","article-title":"Idiopathic Cystitis in Domestic Cats-Beyond the Lower Urinary Tract","volume":"25","author":"Buffington","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2021.03.006","article-title":"Feline Idiopathic Cystitis: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Comparative Potential","volume":"185","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1991.tb00935.x","article-title":"Perineal Urethrostomy Versus Dietary-Management in Prevention of Recurrent Lower Urinary-Tract Disease","volume":"32","author":"Osborne","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(96)50083-5","article-title":"Feline perineal urethrostomy\u2014A potential cause of feline lower urinary tract disease","volume":"26","author":"Osborne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Johnston, S.A., and Tobias, K.M. (2018). Veterinary Surgery Small Animal, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.06.007","article-title":"Guarded long-term prognosis in male cats with urethral obstruction","volume":"10","author":"Gerber","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(84)50007-2","article-title":"Perineal Urethrostomy\u2014Surgical Technique and Management of Complications","volume":"14","author":"Hauptman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1789","article-title":"Perineal Urethrostomy in Cats","volume":"159","author":"Wilson","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.200.05.681","article-title":"Prevalence of Bacterial Urinary-Tract Infection After Perineal Urethrostomy in Cats","volume":"200","author":"Griffin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13508194","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of urethral rupture in 63 cats","volume":"16","author":"Addison","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.09.002","article-title":"Catheter-induced urethral trauma in cats with urethral obstruction","volume":"9","author":"Corgozinho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"88","article-title":"Successful Balloon Expandable Stent Placement in the Management of Severe Proximal Urethral Stricture in a Cat","volume":"69","author":"Shipov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Isr. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Faria, B.G.O., da Silva, V.M., Silva, J.A., Santos, S.C.A., Sala, P.L., Quessada, A.M., Muramoto, C., and da Costa Neto, J.M. (2020). Autogenous Vascularized Intestinal Grafting for Urethral Reconstruction in Feline. Acta Sci. Vet., 48.","DOI":"10.22456\/1679-9216.101168"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.10.006","article-title":"Urethral obstruction in cats: Predisposing factors, clinical, clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis","volume":"13","author":"Segev","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.21.10.0469","article-title":"Prazosin administration increases the rate of recurrent urethral obstruction in cats: 388 cases","volume":"260","author":"Conway","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"595","article-title":"In-hospital medical management of feline urethral obstruction: A review of recent clinical research","volume":"61","author":"Cosford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2018.07.002","article-title":"Feline Perineal Urethrostomy: A Review of Past and Present Literature","volume":"33","author":"Nye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.07.001","article-title":"Complications of Lower Urinary Tract Surgery in Small Animals","volume":"41","author":"McLoughlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. -Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.5326\/0420218","article-title":"Surgical revision of the urethral stoma following perineal urethrostomy in 11 cats: (1998\u20132004)","volume":"42","author":"Phillips","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2004.04036.x","article-title":"Transpelvic urethrostomy in 11 cats using an ischial ostectomy","volume":"33","author":"Bernarde","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2001.20327","article-title":"Prepubic urethrostomy: A long-term study in 16 cats","volume":"30","author":"Baines","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"946","article-title":"Subpubic Urethrostomy to Salvage a Failed Perineal Urethrostomy in a Cat","volume":"11","author":"Ellison","year":"1989","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.11.009","article-title":"Surgical Management of Blocked Cats Which approach and when?","volume":"11","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(02)00032-3","article-title":"Perineal urethrostomy","volume":"32","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"225","article-title":"Perineal Urethrostomy in Cat\u2014Retrospective Study of Complications","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19888808","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of 28 cats 12\u201324 months after urethrostomy","volume":"22","author":"Sampaio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Preservation of Striated-Muscle Urethral Sphincter Function with Use of a Surgical Technique for Perineal Urethrostomy in Cats","volume":"194","author":"Griffin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.09.053","article-title":"Somatic innervation of the feline lower urinary tract","volume":"1246","author":"Yoo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211038529","article-title":"Outcomes and postoperative complications after transpelvic urethrostomy used as first-line surgery in 38 male cats with obstructive lower urinary tract disease","volume":"24","author":"Dumartinet","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X20959032","article-title":"Comparison of surgical indications and short- and long-term complications in 56 cats undergoing perineal, transpelvic or prepubic urethrostomy","volume":"23","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/18\/2810\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:46:32Z","timestamp":1760129192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/18\/2810"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13182810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13182810","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]}}}