{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:06:12Z","timestamp":1780567572842,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the Komodo dragon has been included on The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, it is crucial to know in detail its biology as there is a limited availability of research material on these animals\u2014mainly those who died in zoos or whose remains were found in the wild. Anatomy is essential for understanding physiology, identification of diseases, adaptations in the environment, and behavior. In this dissection study, the relationship of individual anatomical structures was analyzed, the anatomy of the active and passive movement system of the thoracic limb was described, photographs were taken, and a radiographic examination was conducted. This species has its own differences, even within closely related lizard species. Varanus komodoensis possesses triceps muscles with three heads, and the wrist is extended with additional bones for greater flexibility of the hand. The muscles of the forelimb are analogous to the hind limb; however, they differ in the mass of individual muscles, especially those predisposed to perform the most important antigravity and locomotive functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13182895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T21:34:12Z","timestamp":1694554452000},"page":"2895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Functional Anatomy of the Thoracic Limb of the Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"K\u0119pa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Ko\u017cuchowska St. 1, 51-631 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9943-396X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Toma\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Ko\u017cuchowska St. 1, 51-631 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Staszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Ko\u017cuchowska St. 1, 51-631 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Tarnowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida St. 25, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1154-8736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Kle\u0107kowska-Nawrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Ko\u017cuchowska St. 1, 51-631 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4412-1966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Go\u017adziewska-Har\u0142ajczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Ko\u017cuchowska St. 1, 51-631 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8216-9085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amadeusz","family":"Ku\u017aniarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Krakowska St. 26, 50-425 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8742-0790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"G\u0119barowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Ko\u017cuchowska St. 1, 51-631 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4357-2271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Janeczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Ko\u017cuchowska St. 1, 51-631 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, December 13). Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/F7KH0KBK."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0399-84","article-title":"The Komodo dragon","volume":"280","author":"Ciofi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, November 18). The American Museum of Natural History 1996. Available online: https:\/\/web.archive.org."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Sahu, M.A. (2018). Tingkat Perjumpaan Komodo (Varanus komodoensis Ouwens, 1912). Pada Jalur-Jalur-Wisata di Loh Liang, Taman Nasional Komodo, Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta. Skripsi."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10492","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6705","article-title":"Indentifying island safe havens to prevent the extinction of the World\u2019s largest lizard from global warming","volume":"10","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1643\/0045-8511(2007)7[462:PAOHRS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Preliminary Analysis of Home Range Structure in the Komodo Monitor, Varanus komodoensis","volume":"2007","author":"Ciofi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2023, February 04). Available online: Colchester-zoo.com."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"99","article-title":"Distribution and conservation of the Komodo monitor (Varanus komodoensis)","volume":"14","author":"Ciofi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Herpetol. J."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Jessop, T., Ariefiandy, A., Azmi, M., Ciofi, C., Imansyah, J., and Purwandana, D. (2021). Varanus komodensis, Komodo Dragon, The IUNC Red List of Threatened Species\u2122. Available online: https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/species\/22884\/123633058."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/mmnz.19930690104","article-title":"An Annotated Type Catalogue of the Anguimorph Lizards (Squamata: Anguidae, Helodermatidae, Varanidae, Xenosauridae) in the Zoological Museum, Berlin","volume":"69","author":"Good","year":"1993","journal-title":"Zoosystematics Evol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s10577-013-9398-0","article-title":"Karyotype evolution in monitor lizards: Cross-species chromosome mapping of cDNA reveals highly conserved synteny and gene order in the Toxicofera clade","volume":"21","author":"Srikulnath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chromosome Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11621","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11621","article-title":"Embryonic development and perinatal skeleton in a limbless, viviparous lizard, Anguis fragilis (Squamata: Anguimorpha)","volume":"9","author":"Borczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Talanda, M. (2016). Early Evolution of Lizards in the Fossil Record. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Biology of University of Warsaw]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2007)27[1:VFAAEI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Vestigial Forelimbs and Axial Elongation in a 95 Million-Year-Old Non-Snake Squamate","volume":"27","author":"Palci","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vertebr. Paleontol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"47","article-title":"The Squamate Tree of Life","volume":"163","author":"Pyron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laver, R.J., Purwandana, D., Ariefiandy, A., Imansyah, J., Forsyth, D., Ciofi, C., and Jessop, T.S. (2012). Life-History and Spatial Determinants of Somatic Growth Dynamics in Komodo Dragon Populations. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045398"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2006.14371.x","article-title":"Maximum body size among insular Komodo dragon populations covaries with large prey density","volume":"112","author":"Jessop","year":"2006","journal-title":"OIKOS Adv. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01335.x","article-title":"Evolution of extreme body size disparity in monitor lizards (Varanus)","volume":"69","author":"Collar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hocknull, S.A., Piper, P.J., van den Bergh, G.D., Due, R.A., Morwood, M.J., and Kurniawan, I. (2009). Dragon\u2019s Paradise Lost: Palaeobiogeography, Evolution and Extinction of the Largest-Ever Terrestrial Lizards (Varanidae). PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007241"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Murphy, J.B., and Ciofi, C. (2002). Komodo Dragons Biology and Conservation, Smithsonian Institution."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"156","article-title":"Monitors: The Biology of Varanid Lizards","volume":"40","author":"Benson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Pfeffer, P. (2022, November 23). Observations sur le Varan de komodo, Varanus Komodoensis, Ouwens 1912, Available online: https:\/\/www.usda.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2023, January 14). Available online: https:\/\/nasional.kompas.com\/read\/2011\/02\/04\/13481641\/~Sains~Biologi?page=all."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2023, January 16). Available online: https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2015\/05\/the-dragon-autopsy\/393890\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Nurhaliza, S.S., and Mustika, A.A. (2019). Nurhidayat. Perbandingan Karakteristik Anatomi Skelet Kepala Komodo (Varanus komodoensis) Dan Biawak Air (Varanus salvator), IPB University."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju\u00e1rez-Campos, I., N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Altamirano, D.A., Ju\u00e1rez-Campos, B., M\u00e1rquez-P\u00e9rez, L., Ju\u00e1rez-Campos, M.E., and Romero, L. (2018). Bioinspired sprawling robotic leg and a path-planning procedure. Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst., 15.","DOI":"10.1177\/1729881418759888"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"cot001","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/cot001","article-title":"What is conservation physiology? Perspectives on an increasingly integrated and essential science","volume":"1","author":"Cooke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conserv. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Estes, R., de Queiroz, K., and Gauthier, J. (1988). Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families, Stanford University Press."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villa, A., Abella, J., Alba, D.M., Alm\u00e9cija, S., Bolet, A., Koufos, G.D., Knoll, F., Luj\u00e1n, A.H., Morales, J., and Robies, J.M. (2018). Revision of Varanus marathonensis (Squamata, Varanidae): Based on historical and new material: Morphology, systematics, and paleobiogeography of the European monitor lizards. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207719"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molnar, J.L., and Diogo, R. (2021). Evolution, Homology, and Development of Tetrapod Limb Muscles. Evol. Dev. Diversif. Vertebr. Divers., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/d13080393"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., and Wiens, J.J. (2013). A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evol. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-13-93"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Al-Haassawi, A.M.A. (2004). The Osteology and Myology of the Craniocervical Region in Squamate Reptile: A Comparative Study. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of London]."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"The appendicular locomotor apparatur of Sphendon and normal-limbed Squamates","volume":"Volume 24","author":"Gans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biology of Reptilia (The Skull and Appendicular Locomotor Apparatus of Lepidosauria)"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2021.103299","article-title":"Bipedalism in Mexican Albian lizard (Squamata) and the locomotion type in other Cretaceous lizards","volume":"109","author":"Cruz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. S. Am. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.018044","article-title":"Why go bipedal? Locomotion and morphology in Australian agamid lizards","volume":"211","author":"Clemente","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20809-z","article-title":"Lizards ran bipedally 110 million years ago","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"O\u2019Shea, M. (2020). Lizards of the Word, Murdoch Books."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1670\/06-103.1","article-title":"Two New Species of Lizards of the Genus Bachia (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) from Central Brazil","volume":"41","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Herpetol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.asb.2020.01.001","article-title":"Copulatory behavior and its relationship to genital morphology","volume":"52","author":"Brennan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Study Behav."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Gagliano, P., Sawiec, A.B., Gibbons, D.E., and Granatosky, M.C. (2020). Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e2188456119","article-title":"Coordinating tiny limbs and long bodies: Geometric mechanics of lizard terrestrial swimming","volume":"119","author":"Chong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biophys. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pianka, E.R., and Vitt, L.J. (2003). Lizards: Window to the Evolution of Diversity, University of California Press.","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520234017.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2307\/1565513","article-title":"Scaling of Limb Proportions in Monitor Lizards (Squamata: Varanidae)","volume":"30","author":"Christian","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Herpetol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103578","article-title":"Muscoskeletal modeling of sprawling and parasagittal forelimbs provides insight into synapsid postural transition","volume":"25","author":"Brocklehurst","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402270204","article-title":"A histochemical and enzymatic study of the muscle fiber types in the water monitor, Varanus salvator","volume":"227","author":"Gleeson","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1148","article-title":"Integrating genetics, physiology and morphology to study desert adaptation in a lizard species","volume":"91","author":"Juan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-016-0141-5","article-title":"How to build your dragon: Saling of muscle architecture from the world\u2019s smallest to the world\u2019s largest monitor lizard","volume":"13","author":"Dick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Zool."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24593","article-title":"Evolutionary history or function? Which preponderates in the expression of the muscle mass of the thoracic limb in Wild carnivorans?","volume":"304","author":"Pellenz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23739","article-title":"Does the Morphology of the Forelimb Flexor Muscles Differ Between Lizards Using Different Habitats?","volume":"301","author":"Lowie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Fakhrian, A.M., and Pamungkas, J. (2023). Nurhidayat. Komparasi Karakteristik Anatomi Skelet Ekstermitas Kaki Depan Komodo (Varanus komodoensis) degan Biawak Air (Varanus salvator), IPB University. Skripsi."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1670\/0022-1511(2005)039[0328:CDOEDI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Comparative Data on Epiphyseal Development in the Family of Varanidae","volume":"39","author":"Ineich","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Herpetol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2009.01202.x","article-title":"Functional specialization and ontogenic sailing of limb anatomy in Alligator mississippiensis","volume":"216","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.002246","article-title":"Effective limb length and the scaling of locomotor cost in terrestrial animals","volume":"210","author":"Pontzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13273","article-title":"Monitoring muscle over three orders of magnitude: Widespread positive allometry in the pectoral girdle of varanid lizards (Varanidae)","volume":"237","author":"Cieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12245","article-title":"Comparative architectural properties of limp muscles in Crocodylidae and Alligatoridae and their relevance to divergent use of asymmetrical gaits in extant Crocodylia","volume":"225","author":"Allen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, W.E., and Blumstein, D.T. (2015). Escaping from Predators: An Integrative View of Escape Decisions. Chapter 11., Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107447189"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00899.x","article-title":"Cranial performance in the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) as revealed by high-resolution 3-D finite element analysis","volume":"212","author":"Moreno","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Greenberg, N., and MacLean, P.D. (1989). Behavior and Neurology of Lizards: An Interdisciplinary Colloquium."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2022, November 21). Available online: https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wnet\/nature\/the-dragon-chronicles-the-komodo-dragons-remarkable-physiology\/4523\/."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.12.2477","article-title":"Epaxial muscle function during locomotion in a lizard (Varanus salvator) and the proposal of a key innovation in the vertebrate axial musculoskeletal system","volume":"198","author":"Ritter","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pianka, E., and King, D. (2004). Varanoid Lizards of the World, Indiana University Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt2005wjp"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janeczek, M., Go\u017adziewska-Har\u0142ajczuk, K., Hrabska, L., Kle\u0107kowska-Nawrot, J., Kuropka, P., Dobrzy\u0144ski, M., Oleksii, M., and Nikodem, A.M. (2023). Macroanatomical, histological and microtomographic study of the teeth of the Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis)\u2014Adaptation to hunting. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12020247"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"International Committe on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.G.A.N.) (2017). Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, Editorial Committee. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2006)26[113:AESRSF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An Eocene shinisaurid (Reptilia, Squamata) from Wyoming, USA","volume":"26","author":"Conrad","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vertebr. Paleontol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1006\/clad.2001.0169","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA Evidence and Evolution in Varanoidea (Squamata)","volume":"17","author":"Ast","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2010.01278.x","article-title":"Comparative anatomy, homologies and evolution of the pectoral and forelimb musculature of tetrapods with special attention to extant limbed amphibians and reptiles","volume":"217","author":"Abdala","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2012.00247.x","article-title":"New, puzzling insights from comparative myological studies on the old and unsolved forelimb\/hindlimb enigma","volume":"88","author":"Diogo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10097","article-title":"Crocodylian forelimb musculature and its relevance to Archosauria","volume":"274A","author":"Meers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.14393\/BJ-v33n5a2017-37150","article-title":"Muscular Anatomy of the pectoral girdle and forelimb of Iguana i. iguana (Squamata: Iguanidae)","volume":"33","author":"Freitas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. J."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"34","article-title":"On the Homology and Morphology of the Popliteus Muscle: A Contribution to Comparative Myology","volume":"40","author":"Taylor","year":"1905","journal-title":"J. Anat. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051750207","article-title":"The functional anatomy of the shoulder of the savannah monitor lizard (Varanus exanthematicus)","volume":"175","author":"Jenkins","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.2307\/1445728","article-title":"The Subclavian Loop of Varanus salvator","volume":"4","author":"Young","year":"1988","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1590\/1089-6891v17i233788","article-title":"Muscular anatomy of the pectoral and forelimb of Caiman crocodilus crocodilus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae)","volume":"17","author":"Lima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Anim. Bras."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051750202","article-title":"The mechanism of forearm rotation in Varanus exanthematicus","volume":"175","author":"Landsmeer","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"40","article-title":"Comparative study of the osteology and locomotion of some reptilian species","volume":"2","author":"Abdeen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20909","article-title":"The Tendinous Patterns in the Palmar Surface of the Lizard Manus: Functional Consequences for Grasping Ability","volume":"292","author":"Abdala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Gimeno, P., Galt\u00e9s, I., Jordana, X., Assumpci\u00f3 Malgosa, A., and Manyosa, J. (2014). Biomechanics of Forearm Rotation: Force and Efficiency of Pronator Teres. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090319"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20619","article-title":"Sesamoid bones in tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) investigated with X-ray microtomoghraphy, and implications for sesamoid evolution in Lepidosauria","volume":"278","author":"Regnault","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"105","article-title":"Sesamoid elements in lizards","volume":"23","author":"Otero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Herpetol. J."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"778","article-title":"Trait\u00e9 de Zoologie: Anatomie, systematique, biologie","volume":"Volume XVI","author":"Ginet","year":"1967","journal-title":"Mammif\u00e9res; Fascicule 1; T\u00e9guments, Squelette. Premier Fascicule"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Yeung, A.Y., and Garg, R. (2023, May 20). Anatomy, Sesamoid Bones. StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK578171\/."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.2307\/1445147","article-title":"Footprints of the Komodo Monitor and the Trackways of Fossil Reptiles","volume":"1984","author":"Padian","year":"1984","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"15","article-title":"Husbandry and Medical Management of Komodo Dragons (Varanus komodoensis) at the White Oak Conservation Centre","volume":"1","author":"Fleming","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Assoc. Reptil. Amphib. Vet."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"6766","article-title":"Claw morphometrics in monitor lizards: Variable substrate and habitat use correlate to shape diversity within a predator guild","volume":"3700","author":"Clulow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-016-1351-6","article-title":"Ecological allometries and niche use dynamics cross Komodo dragon ontogeny","volume":"103","author":"Purwandana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/18\/2895\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:49:43Z","timestamp":1760129383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/18\/2895"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13182895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13182895","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]}}}