{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:00:46Z","timestamp":1791385246399,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil (CAPES) through the National Academic Cooperation Program in the Amazon\u2013PROCAD\/Amaz\u00f4nia","award":["88881.200614\/2018\u201301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.200614\/2018\u201301"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil (CAPES) through the National Academic Cooperation Program in the Amazon\u2013PROCAD\/Amaz\u00f4nia","award":["315995\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315995\/2021-1"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil (CAPES) through the National Academic Cooperation Program in the Amazon\u2013PROCAD\/Amaz\u00f4nia","award":["PPM-00779-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPM-00779-18"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil (CAPES) through the National Academic Cooperation Program in the Amazon\u2013PROCAD\/Amaz\u00f4nia","award":["308547\/2018\u20137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308547\/2018\u20137"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88881.200614\/2018\u201301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.200614\/2018\u201301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["315995\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315995\/2021-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPM-00779-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPM-00779-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["308547\/2018\u20137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308547\/2018\u20137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88881.200614\/2018\u201301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.200614\/2018\u201301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["315995\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315995\/2021-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPM-00779-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPM-00779-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["308547\/2018\u20137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308547\/2018\u20137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88881.200614\/2018\u201301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.200614\/2018\u201301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["315995\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315995\/2021-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPM-00779-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPM-00779-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["308547\/2018\u20137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308547\/2018\u20137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Edwardsiella tarda is a crucial pathogenic bacterium in tropical aquaculture. This bacterium was recently isolated from tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), a commercially important fish species in Brazil. This study assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility, pathogenicity, and genetic diversity of the tambaqui-derived E. tarda isolates. Fourteen bacterial isolates isolated from tambaqui were identified as E. tarda by using matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization\u2013time-of-flight mass spectrometry and dnaJ gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted against seven drugs using the disc diffusion assay. The pathogenicity test conducted by intraperitoneal injection of 2.4 \u00d7 107 colony-forming units (CFU) fish\u22121 of E. tarda (ED38-17) into tambaqui juveniles eventually revealed that neither clinical signs nor death were present. However, splenomegaly and whitish areas in the spleen and kidneys were observed. The histological investigation also revealed granulomatous splenitis, nephritis, and hepatitis occurring internally. Repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR fingerprinting separated the 14 isolates into three genetic groups. The antibiogram revealed that all E. tarda isolates were wild-type (WT) to florfenicol (FLO), norfloxacin (NOR), neomycin (NEO), erythromycin (ERY), and oxytetracycline (OXY); however, some were non-wild-type to sulfamethoxazole\/trimethoprim (7.1%) and amoxicillin (21.4%). Therefore, through experimental infection, E. tarda ED38-17 could induce pathogenic effects in C. macropomum. Additionally, three distinct genetic types were found, and the E. tarda isolates were WT to FLO, NOR, NEO, ERY, and OXY. These findings raise awareness of a bacteria causing unseen lesions, a pathogen that will potentially impact tambaqui aquaculture in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13182910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T10:00:23Z","timestamp":1694685623000},"page":"2910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Edwardsiella tarda in Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum): A Pathogenicity, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Genetic Analysis of Brazilian Isolates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7465-0485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Yan Tavares","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vict\u00f3ria Pontes","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9711-1561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter Charrie","family":"Janampa-Sarmiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrique Lopes","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6254-8798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata Cat\u00e3o","family":"Egger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na\u00edsa Cristine","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Henrique Santos","family":"de Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Portes","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1gna Ferreira","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendhal Almeida","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Alves","family":"Dorella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9180-4279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia Pimenta","family":"Leibowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1021-5772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald Kennedy","family":"Luz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Pierezan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia Umeda","family":"Gallani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Aquaculture, Nilton Lins University, Manaus 69058-030, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2735-2562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Campos","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1022-6842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique C\u00e9sar Pereira","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12164","article-title":"South American Fish for Continental Aquaculture","volume":"10","author":"Gallani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"IBGE, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica (2020). Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Da Pecu\u00e1ria Municipal 2019."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira da Piscicultura (2022). Anu\u00e1rio Brasileiro Da Piscicultura Peixe BR 2022, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira da Piscicultura."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008320","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612020070","article-title":"Occurrence, Pathogenicity, and Control of Acanthocephalosis Caused by Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae: A Review","volume":"29","author":"Castro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De Parasitol. Veterin\u00e1ria"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104512","article-title":"Motile Aeromonas Septicemia in Tambaqui Colossoma macropomum: Pathogenicity, Lethality and New Insights for Control and Disinfection in Aquaculture","volume":"149","author":"Gallani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738406","article-title":"The Strategic Use of Water Additives for Tambaqui Colossoma macropomum Transport: New Insights of Bacteriosis and Productivity Approach","volume":"558","author":"Mielke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12080","article-title":"Edwardsiella piscicida sp. nov., a Novel Species Pathogenic to Fish","volume":"114","author":"Abayneh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2014.10.008","article-title":"Phylogenomics Characterization of a Highly Virulent Edwardsiella Strain ET080813T Encoding Two Distinct T3SS and Three T6SS Gene Clusters: Propose a Novel Species as Edwardsiella anguillarum sp. nov","volume":"38","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3466","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00970-17","article-title":"Comparative Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis of Edwardsiella Isolates from Different Hosts and Geographic Origins, with Emphasis on Isolates Formerly Classified as E. tarda, and Evaluation of Diagnostic Methods","volume":"55","author":"Reichley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-43-67","article-title":"Pathogenesis of and Strategies for Preventing Edwardsiella tarda Infection in Fish","volume":"43","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400021562","article-title":"Strontium Chloride B and E.E. Enrichment Broth Media for the Isolation of Edwardsiella, Salmonella and Arizona Species from Tiger Snakes","volume":"69","author":"Iveson","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2018.1540070","article-title":"Edwardsiella tarda Outbreak Affecting Fishes and Aquatic Birds in Brazil","volume":"38","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870201400515","article-title":"Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Cultured Bullfrogs (Rana castesbeiana)","volume":"14","author":"Mauel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2510.180518","article-title":"Edwardsiella tarda Bacteremia, Okayama, Japan, 2005\u20132016","volume":"25","author":"Kamiyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352008000100040","article-title":"Isolation and Characterizaton of Edwardsiella tarda from Pacu Myleus micans","volume":"60","author":"Lima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.15381\/rivep.v27i1.11460","article-title":"Lesiones Histopatol\u00f3gicas y Aislamiento Bacteriol\u00f3gico En Gamitanas (Colossoma macropomum) Aparentemente Sanas","volume":"27","author":"Ramos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. De Investig. Vet. Del Per\u00fa"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2013.12.001","article-title":"Edwardsiella tarda: An Intriguing Problem in Aquaculture","volume":"431","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2008.02101.x","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of Fish Pathogen Edwardsiella tarda from Mariculture in China","volume":"40","author":"Xiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.9314-17","article-title":"Edwardsiella tarda Bacteremia with Psoas and Epidural Abscess as a Food-Borne Infection: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"57","author":"Suzuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.4.742","article-title":"Infections Associated with the Genus Edwardsiella: The Role of Edwardsiella tarda in Human Disease","volume":"17","author":"Michael","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.12.019","article-title":"Phylogeny and Species Identification of the Family Enterobacteriaceae Based on DnaJ Sequences","volume":"58","author":"Ohkusu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D20","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1112","article-title":"Database Resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information","volume":"50","author":"Sayers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12125","article-title":"Genotyping of Streptococcus dysgalactiae Strains Isolated from Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)","volume":"37","author":"Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2307\/1932409","article-title":"Measures of the Amount of Ecologic Association between Species","volume":"26","author":"Dice","year":"1945","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.11.2465-2466.1988","article-title":"Numerical Index of the Discriminatory Ability of Typing Systems: An Application of Simpson\u2019s Index of Diversity","volume":"26","author":"Hunter","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2020). VET03 Methods for Antimicrobial Broth Dilution and Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Bacteria Isolated from Aquatic Animals, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12624","article-title":"Normalized Resistance Interpretation, the NRI Method","volume":"124","author":"Kronvall","year":"2016","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00546.x","article-title":"A New Method for Normalized Interpretation of Antimicrobial Resistance from Disk Test Results for Comparative Purposes","volume":"9","author":"Kronvall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2007.07.216","article-title":"Impact of Inter-Lab Variation on the Estimation of Epidemiological Cut-off Values for Disc Diffusion Susceptibility Test Data for Aeromonas salmonicida","volume":"272","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03476","article-title":"Eight Rules for Improving the Quality of Papers on the Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated from Aquatic Animals","volume":"139","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.02.020","article-title":"Influence of Incubation Temperature and Time on the Precision of MIC and Disc Diffusion Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Data","volume":"490","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.12.013","article-title":"Assessing the Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacteria Obtained from Animals","volume":"141","author":"Schwarz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Luna, L.G. (1968). Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, McGraw-Hill. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.01.049","article-title":"Edwardsiella tarda Induces Enteritis in Farmed Seahorses (Hippocampus erectus): An Experimental Model and Its Evaluation","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12039","article-title":"First Isolation and Characterization of Edwardsiella tarda from Diseased Striped Catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage)","volume":"37","author":"Shetty","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.4236\/aim.2015.56042","article-title":"Identification of Bacterial Fish Pathogens in Brazil by Direct Colony PCR and 16S RRNA Gene Sequencing","volume":"5","author":"Furlan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2017.09.004","article-title":"Genetic Studies to Re-Affiliate Edwardsiella tarda Fish Isolates to Edwardsiella piscicida and Edwardsiella anguillarum Species","volume":"41","author":"Mohammed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109575","article-title":"Triclosan Induces Immunosuppression and Reduces Survivability of Striped Catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus during the Challenge to a Fish Pathogenic Bacterium Edwardsiella tarda","volume":"186","author":"Bera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2012.11.019","article-title":"Identification of Antigenic Edwardsiella tarda Surface Proteins and Their Role in Pathogenesis","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2011.755.767","article-title":"Immunogenicity of Pressure Inactivated Edwardsiella tarda Bacterin to Anguilla japonica (Japanese Eel)","volume":"14","author":"Hossain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12041","article-title":"Edwardsiellosis in Farmed Turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), Associated with an Unusual Variant of Edwardsiella tarda: A Clinical, Aetiological and Histopathological Study","volume":"37","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3147\/jsfp.20.219","article-title":"Comparative Histopathology of Edwardsiellosis in Fishes","volume":"20","author":"Miyazaki","year":"1985","journal-title":"Fish Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711435232","article-title":"Novel Brain Lesions Caused by Edwardsiella tarda in a Red Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.)","volume":"24","author":"Iregui","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(2000)012<0255:HAPOEI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Histopathology and Pathogenesis of Experimental Infection with Edwardsiella tarda in Channel Catfish","volume":"12","author":"Darwish","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2021.111058","article-title":"Granulomatous Bacterial Diseases in Fish: An Overview of the Host\u2019s Immune Response","volume":"261","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02363","article-title":"Intraspecific Genetic Variability of Edwardsiella tarda Strains from Cultured Turbot","volume":"95","author":"Castro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.03.027","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Edwardsiella Isolates from Fish in the Eastern United States Identifies Two Distinct Genetic Taxa amongst Organisms Phenotypically Classified as E","volume":"165","author":"Griffin","year":"2013","journal-title":"tarda. Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Yang, M., Xiao, J., Wu, H., Wang, X., Lv, Y., Xu, L., Zheng, H., Wang, S., and Zhao, G. (2009). Genome Sequence of the Versatile Fish Pathogen Edwardsiella tarda Provides Insights into Its Adaptation to Broad Host Ranges and Intracellular Niches. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007646"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-016-9977-0","article-title":"Epidemiological Cut-off Values for Disc Diffusion Data Generated by Standard Test Protocols from Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio harveyi","volume":"24","author":"Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"85","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Factors of Edwardsiella tarda Isolated from Pet Turtles","volume":"37","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3278","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-020-02158-1","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Analysis of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Freshwater Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Cultured in Kerala, India","volume":"77","author":"Preena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-020-02021-8","article-title":"Antibiotic-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae from Diseased Freshwater Goldfish","volume":"203","author":"Preena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13231","article-title":"Diversity of Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens from a Freshwater Ornamental Fish Farm","volume":"71","author":"Preena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.803-807","article-title":"Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila and Edwardsiella tarda Isolated from Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Coinfected with Motile Aeromonas Septicemia and Edwardsiellosis","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.8.2245-2255.2001","article-title":"Natural Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Edwardsiella tarda, E. ictaluri, and E. hoshinae","volume":"45","author":"Stock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/18\/2910\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:50:35Z","timestamp":1760129435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/18\/2910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13182910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13182910","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]}}}