{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T05:19:59Z","timestamp":1771910399372,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Arag\u00f3n Government and the European Social Fund","award":["A15_17R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A15_17R"]}]},{"name":"Arag\u00f3n Government and the European Social Fund","award":["PC052-053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PC052-053"]}]},{"name":"the Australian company Animal Ethics Pty Ltd.","award":["A15_17R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A15_17R"]}]},{"name":"the Australian company Animal Ethics Pty Ltd.","award":["PC052-053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PC052-053"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017266","name":"Gobierno de Navarra","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A15_17R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A15_17R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017266","name":"Gobierno de Navarra","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PC052-053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PC052-053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Contagious ecthyma is a highly transmissible eruptive viral disease of the skin and mucosa of sheep and goats distributed worldwide. The treatment of orf lesions is usually based on the use of antiseptics and antibiotics for the management of presumptive secondary infections, increasing risks of antimicrobial resistance. The wound dressing formulation Tri-Solfen\u00ae (TS) containing two local anaesthetics (lignocaine and bupivacaine), adrenaline and an antiseptic (cetrimide) in a gel formulation has been demonstrated to reduce suffering and enhance recovery in cattle and buffalo with oral and skin lesions due to foot-and-mouth disease virus infection and reduced the orf viral load in lambs. In the present study, experimental infection with the orf virus was conducted in 50 newborn lambs and 25 animals were treated after the presence of the first lesions with TS and repeated three days later. Daily clinical examination, haematological, serological, biomolecular and post-mortem analyses were conducted during 34 days after treatment. Results indicated that treatment had no effect on weight gain and clinical progression of the lesions. It was determined that seroconversion after experimental infection occurs 34 days after infection and suggested that the deep basal epithelial location of the orf lesions may have prevented the therapy from having altered the clinical course.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13182962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T23:17:20Z","timestamp":1695165440000},"page":"2962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Use of a Local Anaesthetic\/Antiseptic Formulation for the Treatment of Lambs Experimentally Infected with Orf Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7822-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Lacasta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C\/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C\/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ruiz de Arcaute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C\/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0313-5926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurora","family":"Ort\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C\/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C\/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6209-4282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Villanueva-Saz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C\/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5026-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Tejedor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics Department, CIBER CV (Universidad de Zaragoza-IIS), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C\/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8474-2831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C\/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0680-9957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Borobia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C\/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1265-9139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rams\u00e9s","family":"Reina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda, CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutilva, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9723-9004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C\/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4557-6033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C\/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5629-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter Andrew","family":"Windsor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2010.11.018","article-title":"Current status of contagious ecthyma or orf disease in goat and sheep\u2014A global perspective","volume":"96","author":"Nandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.141.6.150","article-title":"Outbreak of severe fatal orf in lambs","volume":"141","author":"Gumbrell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2017.08.003","article-title":"Is Orf virus a risk to expanding goat production systems in developing countries? A study from Lao PDR","volume":"154","author":"Windsor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lovatt, F. (2013). The Cost of Orf. Sheep Farmer, 18\u201319.","DOI":"10.12968\/live.2013.18.5.181"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.3390\/v7031505","article-title":"Molecular genetic analysis of orf virus: A poxvirus that has adapted to skin","volume":"7","author":"Fleming","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Lear, A. (1995). The Characterisation of the Ovine Skin Response to Orf Virus Infection. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Edinburgh]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-9571(96)00045-8","article-title":"The immune and inflammatory response to orf virus","volume":"20","author":"Haig","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.08.010","article-title":"Orf virus infection in sheep or goats","volume":"181","author":"Spyrou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.09.64","article-title":"Orf: An update on current research and future perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Hosamani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-016-0322-9","article-title":"Development of a SYBR Green I real-time PCR for the detection of the orf virus","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.12.005","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of contagious ecthyma: Comparison of different PCR protocols with virus isolation in cell culture","volume":"134","author":"Kottaridi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.07.018","article-title":"Vaccination schedules in small ruminants","volume":"181","author":"Lacasta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13129","article-title":"Innovative pain management solutions in animals may provide improved wound pain reduction during debridement in humans: An opinion informed by veterinary literature","volume":"16","author":"Roberts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13923","article-title":"Efficacy and application of a novel topical anaesthetic wound formulation for treating cattle with foot-and-mouth disease: A field trial in Cameroon","volume":"68","author":"Lendzele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"99","article-title":"Managing welfare and antimicrobial-resistance issues in treating foot-and-mouth disease lesions: A new therapeutic approach","volume":"11","author":"Windsor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Windsor, P.A. (2020). Role of Topical Anaesthesia in Pain Management of Farm Animals, a Changing Paradigm. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12182459"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"523","article-title":"Purification of pox viruses by density gradient centrifugation","volume":"29","author":"Zwartouw","year":"1962","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-015-1189-6","article-title":"Identification and molecular characterization of Orf virus in Argentina","volume":"50","author":"Peralta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaaden, O., Czerny, C., and Eichhorn, W. (1997). Viral Zoonoses and Food of Animal Origin: A Re-Evaluation of Possible Hazards for Human Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6534-8"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"393","article-title":"Contagious ecthyma of sheep and goats: A comprehensive review on epidemiology, immunity, diagnostics and control measures","volume":"89","author":"Karki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Arh."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(03)00041-0","article-title":"The Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease","volume":"129","author":"Alexandersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comp. Path."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Medeiros Gomes Simplicio, K.M. (2011). Leucograma e Prote\u00ednas de Fase Aguda de Ruminantes Dom\u00e9stiocs Sadios e Enfermos. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista]."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"149","article-title":"Effect of a Topical Formulation on Infective Viral Load in Lambs Naturally Infected with Orf Virus","volume":"9","author":"Lacasta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Haines, H.G., Dickens, C.B., and Brigham, D.P. (1986). Antiviral Pharmaceutical Preparations and Methods for Their Use. (U.S. Patent 4628063A)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105472","article-title":"Do UK sheep farmers use orf vaccine correctly and could their vaccination strategy affect vaccine efficacy?","volume":"185","author":"Small","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/18\/2962\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:53:34Z","timestamp":1760129614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/18\/2962"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13182962"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13182962","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]}}}