{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T07:11:28Z","timestamp":1771485088329,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beef Sustainability Seed Grant Program 2018"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cattle are a social species in which social mixing can induce physical and psychosocial stress; however, the impact of social mixing on cattle welfare is unknown. Two different sources of genetically similar Angus crossbred steers were transported to the same feedlot and assigned to a pen where they were either socially mixed or housed with individuals from their source herds. Social mixing did not impact average daily gains in pens, feed intake, or feed efficiency; pens of socially mixed steers were more active. Sources differed in their responses to social mixing. One source was unaffected, whereas social mixing negatively impacted productivity for the other source. Irrespective of social mixing, the sources differed in the amount of time per day they spent ruminating and drinking. Group analyses indicated that socially mixing two sources of feedlot steers did not negatively impact group productivity, yet the impacts that were observed at the individual level suggest that prior experiences may influence their ability to cope with social stress, emphasizing the importance of early-life experiences to long-term welfare and productivity. Social mixing was not universally detrimental to cattle welfare, and the source of cattle may have the greatest affect on their performance regardless of whether a social mixing event has occurred.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13182981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T04:53:05Z","timestamp":1695271985000},"page":"2981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Consider the Source: The Impact of Social Mixing on Drylot Housed Steer Behavior and Productivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5298-1988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney L.","family":"Daigle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2669-0567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason E.","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Ranch<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> Institute for Ranch Management, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reinaldo F.","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny S.","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, Bushland, TX 79012, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1163\/156853981X00194","article-title":"Cohesive relationships in a cattle herd (Bos indicus)","volume":"77","author":"Reinhardt","year":"1981","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"167","article-title":"Effect of time of year, weather, and the pattern of auction market sales on fatal fibrinous pneumonia (shipping fever) in calves in a large feedlot in Alberta (1985-1988)","volume":"59","author":"Ribble","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-0883","article-title":"Effects of commingling beef calves from different sources and weaning protocols during a forty-two-day receiving period on performance and bovine respiratory disease","volume":"86","author":"Step","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2004.06.011","article-title":"Behavioral needs of the transition cow and considerations for special needs facility design","volume":"20","author":"Cook","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2018.03.003","article-title":"The translation of animal welfare research into practice: The case of mixing aggression between pigs","volume":"204","author":"Peden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.05.024","article-title":"Social stress as a cause of diseases in farm animals: Current knowledge and future directions","volume":"206","author":"Proudfoot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2006.05.025","article-title":"Group size, density and social dynamics in farm animals","volume":"103","author":"Estevez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Konggaard, S., and Krohn, C. (1978). Undersogelser over foderoptagelse og social adfaerd hos gruppefodrede koer i losdrift. iII. forste kalvs koer i gruppe for sig eller i gruppe med aeldre koer. Beret. Fra Statens Husdyrbrugsfors."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E156","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)70210-X","article-title":"Effect of animal grouping on feeding behavior and intake of dairy cattle","volume":"84","author":"Grant","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-5601(55)80012-3","article-title":"Social dominance relationships in a herd of dairy cattle","volume":"3","author":"Schein","year":"1955","journal-title":"Br. J. Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2021.105389","article-title":"Impact of social mixing on beef and dairy cattle\u2014A scoping review","volume":"241","author":"Hubbard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Burrow, H. (1991, January 24\u201327). Effect of intensive handling of zebu crossbred weaner calves on temperament. Proceedings of the Conference of the Australian Association of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e60641","article-title":"The use of traditional fear tests to evaluate different emotional circuits in cattle","volume":"158","author":"Daigle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.2527\/2001.7951189x","article-title":"Behavioral sampling techniques for feedlot cattle","volume":"79","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12584","article-title":"BORIS: A free, versatile open-source event-logging software for video\/audio coding and live observations","volume":"7","author":"Friard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Shannon, C.E., and Weaver, W. (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Communication, University of Illinois Press."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.28.2.157","article-title":"Technical contribution: A cautionary note on the use of behavioural diversity (H-Index) in animal welfare science","volume":"28","author":"Cronin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(81)82656-2","article-title":"Shade management in subtropical environment for milk yield and composition in Holstein and Jersey cows","volume":"64","author":"Collier","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1071\/EA96148","article-title":"Relationships between temperament and growth in a feedlot and commercial carcass traits of Bos indicus crossbreds","volume":"37","author":"Burrow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Agric."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2010.05.001","article-title":"Cognitive ability and awareness in domestic animals and decisions about obligations to animals","volume":"126","author":"Broom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.01.038","article-title":"Development of a method of measuring cellular stress in cattle and sheep","volume":"123","author":"Agnew","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.8151120x","article-title":"Effect of transportation and commingling on the acute-phase protein response, growth, and feed intake of newly weaned beef calves","volume":"81","author":"Arthington","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10144","article-title":"Invited review: Effects of group housing of dairy calves on behavior, cognition, performance, and health","volume":"99","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.1998.0534","article-title":"Individual behavioral characteristics of wild-type rats predict susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"13","author":"Kavelaars","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"24","article-title":"Individual coping strategies and vulnerability to stress pathology","volume":"35","author":"Koolhaas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Homeost. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00090-8","article-title":"Effects of housing and individual coping characteristics on immune responses of pigs","volume":"79","author":"Bolhuis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Hessing, M.J. (1994). Individual Behavioural Characteristics in Pigs and Their Consequences for Pig Husbandry, Wageningen University and Research."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(94)05338-S","article-title":"Individual differences in cell-mediated and humoral immunity in pigs","volume":"45","author":"Hessing","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(03)00055-8","article-title":"Relation between early fear-and anxiety-related behaviour and maternal ability in sows","volume":"82","author":"Janczak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00023-0","article-title":"Nursing behaviour, postpartum activity and reactivity in sows: Effects of farrowing environment, previous experience and temperament","volume":"77","author":"Thodberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-0125","article-title":"Animal behavior and well-being symposium: Interaction between coping style\/personality, stress, and welfare: Relevance for domestic farm animals","volume":"94","author":"Koolhaas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2006.05.004","article-title":"Influence of animal temperament and stress responsiveness on the carcass quality and beef tenderness of feedlot cattle","volume":"74","author":"King","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1071\/EA01084","article-title":"Productivity, carcass and meat quality of lot-fed Bos indicus cross steers grouped according to temperament","volume":"42","author":"Petherick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Agric."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.754892x","article-title":"Feedlot cattle with calm temperaments have higher average daily gains than cattle with excitable temperaments","volume":"75","author":"Voisinet","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373197","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/373197","article-title":"Interactions between temperament, stress, and immune function in cattle","volume":"2011","author":"Burdick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1071\/EA99027","article-title":"Associations between temperament, performance and immune function in cattle entering a commercial feedlot","volume":"39","author":"Fell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Agric."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Oliphint, R.A. (2006). Evaluation of the Inter-Relationships of Temperament, Stress Responsiveness and Immune Function in Beef Calves, Texas A&M University."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4125","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2021","article-title":"Effects of acclimation to human interaction on performance, temperament, physiological responses, and pregnancy rates of Brahman-crossbred cows","volume":"87","author":"Cooke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-055","article-title":"Exit velocity as a measure of cattle temperament is repeatable and associated with serum concentration of cortisol in Brahman bulls","volume":"84","author":"Paschal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0532","article-title":"Acute behavioral effects of regrouping dairy cows","volume":"91","author":"Olenick","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.11.015","article-title":"Cortisol levels and anxiety-related behaviors in cattle","volume":"90","author":"Bristow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4141\/A99-084","article-title":"Behavioural indicators of cow comfort: Activity and resting behaviour of dairy cows in two types of housing","volume":"80","author":"Haley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11607","article-title":"Influence of breed, milk yield, and temperature-humidity index on dairy cow lying time, neck activity, reticulorumen temperature, and rumination behavior","volume":"100","author":"Stone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2008.01343.x","article-title":"Linkage of microbial ecology to phenotype: Correlation of rumen microbial ecology to cattle\u2019s feed efficiency","volume":"288","author":"Guan","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6338","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01052-10","article-title":"Correlation of particular bacterial PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns with bovine ruminal fermentation parameters and feed efficiency traits","volume":"76","author":"Guan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"3215","article-title":"Analysis of the gut bacterial communities in beef cattle and their association with feed intake, growth, and efficiency","volume":"95","author":"Myer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.6.2766-2774.2001","article-title":"Diet-dependent shifts in the bacterial population of the rumen revealed with real-time PCR","volume":"67","author":"Tajima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2015.00036","article-title":"The gut microbiome and its potential role in the development and function of newborn calf gastrointestinal tract","volume":"2","author":"Malmuthuge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.07.005","article-title":"Probabilities of cattle participating in eating and drinking behavior when located at feeding and watering locations by a real time location system","volume":"127","author":"Shane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.11.005","article-title":"Validation of a pressure sensor-based system for measuring eating, rumination and drinking behaviour of dairy cattle","volume":"174","author":"Ruuska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17456","article-title":"Hot weather increases competition between dairy cows at the drinker","volume":"103","author":"McDonald","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2020.03.013","article-title":"Assessment of dairy cow heat stress by monitoring drinking behaviour using an embedded imaging system","volume":"199","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.78.12.1437","article-title":"Effect of meloxicam administration on movement, feeding, and drinking behaviors of transported and nontransported cattle","volume":"78","author":"Capik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2003.12.013","article-title":"Vigilance as a measure of fear in dairy cattle","volume":"87","author":"Welp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0310.2003.00860.x","article-title":"An experimental test of predator detection rates using groups of free-living emus","volume":"109","author":"Boland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunter, L., and Skinner, J. (1998). Vigilance behaviour in African ungulates: The role of predation pressure. Behaviour, 195\u2013211.","DOI":"10.1163\/156853998793066320"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"801","article-title":"Functions of vigilance behaviour in mammals: A review","volume":"11","author":"Quenette","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Oecologica"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arl066","article-title":"The influence of conspecifics and predation risk on the vigilance of elk (Cervus elaphus) in Yellowstone National Park","volume":"18","author":"Lung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2111\/07-087.1","article-title":"Vigilance in cattle: The influence of predation, social interactions, and environmental factors","volume":"61","author":"Kluever","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1086\/410789","article-title":"Socially facilitated behavior","volume":"53","author":"Clayton","year":"1978","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krause, J., Ruxton, G.D., Ruxton, G., and Ruxton, I.G. (2002). Living in Groups, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198508175.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.01.009","article-title":"Synchronization and leadership in switches between resting and activity in a beef cattle herd\u2014a case study","volume":"108","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003356100020262","article-title":"Some effects of housing on the social behaviour of dairy cows","volume":"53","author":"Miller","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800008092","article-title":"Synchronization of ingestive behaviour by grazing dairy cows","volume":"60","author":"Rook","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Bouissou, M.-F. (2001). Social Behaviour in Farm Animals, CABI."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.02.003","article-title":"Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare","volume":"92","author":"Boissy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Wasilewski, A. (2003). Friendship in Ungulates? Sociopositive Relationships between Non-Related Herd Members of the Same Species, Philipps-Universitat Marburg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5230","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2017.1788","article-title":"Impact of exercise on productivity, behavior, and immune functioning of weaned Bos indicus\u2013cross calves housed in drylots","volume":"95","author":"Daigle","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.15232\/pas.2018-01744","article-title":"Case Study: Effect of exercise programs during receiving in a commercial feedlot on behavior and productivity of Brahman crossbred calves: Results from a commercial environment and a comparison to the research environment","volume":"34","author":"Daigle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(96)01082-9","article-title":"The effects of social exchange between two groups of lactating primiparous heifers on milk production, dominance order, behavior and adrenocortical response","volume":"51","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"209","article-title":"Interrelationships among maintenance behaviour, agonistic behaviour and live weight change in a beef cattle herd after introducing a strange cow","volume":"37","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Fac. Agric.-Kyushu Univ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lozada, C., Toro, G., and Daigle, C. (2021, January 14\u201317). Heifers are from Venus, steers are from Mars: Sex differences in social behaviors in drylot housed Brahman cattle exposed to a cattle brush. Proceedings of the ASAS-CSAS-SSAS Annual Meeting and Trade Show, Louisville, KY, USA.","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab235.407"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(86)90058-4","article-title":"Social behaviour and reproductive performance in semi-wild Scottish Highland cattle","volume":"15","author":"Reinhardt","year":"1986","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Jensen, M.B. (2018). Advances in Cattle Welfare, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, E.O. (2008). Principles and Applications of Domestic Animal Behavior: An Introductory Text, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845933982.0000"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/18\/2981\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:54:21Z","timestamp":1760129661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/18\/2981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13182981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13182981","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]}}}