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In order to test the effect of human disturbance (HD) on the health risk of pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria (PARBs) to wild animals and transfer risk of the PARBs from wild animals to humans, golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) were used as sentinel animals. Metagenomic analysis was used to analyze the characteristics of PARBs in the gut microbiota of golden snub-nosed monkeys. Then, the total contribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors (VFs) of the PARBs were used to assess the health risk of PARBs to golden snub-nosed monkeys, and the antimicrobial drug resistance and bacterial infectious disease of PARBs were determined to assess the transfer risk of PARBs from golden snub-nosed monkeys to humans. There were 18 and 5 kinds of PARBs in the gut microbiota of golden snub-nosed monkeys under HD (HD group) and wild habitat environments (W group), respectively. The total health risks of PARBs to the W group and the HD group were \u221228.5 \u00d7 10\u22123 and 125.8 \u00d7 10\u22123, respectively. There were 12 and 16 kinds of KEGG pathways of human diseases in the PARBs of the W group and the HD group, respectively, and the gene numbers of KEGG pathways in the HD group were higher than those in the W group. HD increased the pathogenicity of PARBs to golden snub-nosed monkeys, and the PARBs in golden snub-nosed monkeys exhibited resistance to lincosamide, aminoglycoside, and streptogramin antibiotics. If these PARBs transfer from golden snub-nosed monkeys to humans, then humans may acquire symptoms of pathogens including Tubercle bacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Yersinia, Pertussis, and Vibrio cholera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13193083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T07:28:29Z","timestamp":1696318109000},"page":"3083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Human Disturbance Increases Health Risks to Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys and the Transfer Risk of Pathogenic Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria from Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys to Humans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shuzhen","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus Roxellana at China West Normal University of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China"},{"name":"Liziping Giant Panda\u2019s Ecology and Conservation Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611233, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus Roxellana at China West Normal University of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China"},{"name":"Liziping Giant Panda\u2019s Ecology and Conservation Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611233, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147411","article-title":"Microbial and chemical pollutants on the manure-crops pathway in the perspective of \u201cOne Health\u201d holistic approach","volume":"785","author":"Buta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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