{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:46:14Z","timestamp":1790358374454,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the history of commercial poultry breeding, from domestication to the development of science and commercial breeding structures. The development of breeding goals over time, from mainly focusing on production to broad goals, including bird welfare and health, robustness, environmental impact, biological efficiency and reproduction, is detailed. The paper outlines current breeding goals, including traits (e.g., on foot and leg health, contact dermatitis, gait, cardiovascular health, robustness and livability), recording techniques, their genetic basis and how trait these antagonisms, for example, between welfare and production, are managed. Novel areas like genomic selection and gut health research and their current and potential impact on breeding are highlighted. The environmental impact differences of various genotypes are explained. A future outlook shows that balanced, holistic breeding will continue to enable affordable lean animal protein to feed the world, with a focus on the welfare of the birds and a diversity of choice for the various preferences and cultures across the world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13193150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T07:37:50Z","timestamp":1696837070000},"page":"3150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Evolutions in Commercial Meat Poultry Breeding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Neeteson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aviagen Group, Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Avenda\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aviagen Group, Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfons","family":"Koerhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aviagen Group, Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Duggan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aviagen Ltd., Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aviagen Inc., Huntsville, AL 35805, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aviagen Inc., Huntsville, AL 35805, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ralph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aviagen Turkeys Ltd., Tattenhall CH3 9GA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paige","family":"Rohlf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aviagen Turkeys Inc., Lewisburg, WV 24901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Burnside","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aviagen Group, Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7445-6279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Kranis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aviagen Ltd., Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK"},{"name":"The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3174-9826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aviagen Group, Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The Genetics of Modern Commercial Poultry","volume":"Volume 29","author":"Hocking","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biology of Breeding Poultry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933912000360","article-title":"A Century of Poultry Genetics","volume":"68","author":"Leenstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. 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