{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:38:50Z","timestamp":1787593130908,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Key R&amp;D Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["2022C02043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022C02043"]}]},{"name":"the Key R&amp;D Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["LQ21C170001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ21C170001"]}]},{"name":"the Key R&amp;D Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["2022M711659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M711659"]}]},{"name":"the Key R&amp;D Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["32002212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002212"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["2022C02043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022C02043"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["LQ21C170001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ21C170001"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["2022M711659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M711659"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["32002212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002212"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2022C02043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022C02043"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["LQ21C170001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ21C170001"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2022M711659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M711659"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["32002212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002212"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022C02043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022C02043"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LQ21C170001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ21C170001"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022M711659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M711659"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32002212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002212"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our study aimed to explore the effects of postbiotics on protecting against Salmonella infection in mice and clarify the underlying mechanisms. Eighty 5-week-old C57BL\/6 mice were gavaged daily with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP)-derived postbiotics (heat-killed bacteria, LPBinactive; culture supernatant, LPC) or the active bacteria (LPBactive), and gavaged with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (ST). The Turbidimetry test and agar diffusion assay indicated that LPC directly inhibited Salmonella growth. Real-time PCR and biofilm inhibition assay showed that LPC had a strong ability in suppressing Salmonella pathogenicity by reducing virulence genes (SopE, SopB, InvA, InvF, SipB, HilA, SipA and SopD2), pili genes (FilF, SefA, LpfA, FimF), flagellum genes (FlhD, FliC, FliD) and biofilm formation. LP postbiotics were more effective than LP on attenuating ST-induced intestinal damage in mice, as indicated by increasing villus\/crypt ratio and increasing the expression levels of tight junction proteins (Occludin and Claudin-1). Elisa assay showed that LP postbiotics significantly reduced ST-induced inflammation by regulating the levels of inflammatory cytokines (the increased IL-4 and IL-10 and the decreased TNF-\u03b1) in serum and ileum (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, LP postbiotics inhibited the activation of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome by decreasing the protein expression of NLRP3 and Caspase-1, and the gene expression of Caspase-1, IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18. Meanwhile, both LPC and LPB observably activated autophagy under ST infection, as indicated by the up-regulated expression of LC3 and Beclin1 and the downregulated p62 level (p &lt; 0.05). Finally, we found that LP postbiotics could trigger an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway to induce autophagy. In summary, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-derived postbiotics alleviated Salmonella infection via modulating bacterial pathogenicity, autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome in mice. Our results confirmed the effectiveness of postbiotics agents in the control of Salmonella infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13203215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T14:38:42Z","timestamp":1697294322000},"page":"3215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Postbiotics Suppress Salmonella Infection via Modulating Bacterial Pathogenicity, Autophagy and Inflammasome in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Aixin","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyue","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caimei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6464-943X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.07.007","article-title":"The functionality of probiotics in aquaculture: An overview","volume":"117","author":"Alagawany","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121266","article-title":"Toxins and mobile antimicrobial resistance genes in Bacillus probiotics constitute a potential risk for One Health","volume":"382","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjb.2016.12.008","article-title":"Microencapsulation improved probiotics survival during gastric transit","volume":"24","author":"Shori","year":"2017","journal-title":"HAYATI J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.03.009","article-title":"Postbiotics: An evolving term within the functional foods field","volume":"75","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2019.0015","article-title":"Postbiotics: Facts and open questions. A position paper on the need for a consensus definition","volume":"10","author":"Collado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00628-4","article-title":"Author Correction: The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics","volume":"19","author":"Salminen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.15171\/hpp.2020.02","article-title":"Postbiotics as novel health-promoting ingredients in functional foods","volume":"10","author":"Rad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promot. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Wu, J., Jin, Y., Huang, K., Zhang, Y., and Liang, Z. (2023). Both Saccharomyces boulardii and Its Postbiotics Alleviate Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice, Association with Modulating Inflammation and Intestinal Microbiota. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061484"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alameri, F., Tarique, M., Osaili, T., Obaid, R., Abdalla, A., Masad, R., Al-Sbiei, A., Fernandez-Cabezudo, M., Liu, S.-Q., and Al-Ramadi, B. (2022). Lactic acid bacteria isolated from fresh vegetable products: Potential probiotic and postbiotic characteristics including immunomodulatory effects. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020389"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2016.09.011","article-title":"Paraprobiotics: Evidences on their ability to modify biological responses, inactivation methods and perspectives on their application in foods","volume":"58","author":"Almada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00615-0","article-title":"Complications and mortality of non-typhoidal salmonella invasive disease: A global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Marchello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, S., Gong, L., Yu, H., He, G., Zhang, J., Han, Y., Liu, Y., Hu, J., Dong, J., and Liu, J. (2022). Antagonistic activity and mechanism of Lactobacillus rhamnosus SQ511 against Salmonella enteritidis. 3 Biotech, 12.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-022-03176-5"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101988","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of postbiotic, probiotic, and antibiotic against necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens","volume":"101","author":"Hosny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4192","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16211","article-title":"Revisiting the steps of Salmonella gut infection with a focus on antagonistic interbacterial interactions","volume":"289","author":"Hespanhol","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879021","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.879021","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome pathway: A review of mechanisms and inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases","volume":"14","author":"Blevins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.04.007","article-title":"Mechanisms and functions of inflammasomes","volume":"157","author":"Lamkanfi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12908","article-title":"Therapeutic modulation of inflammasome pathways","volume":"297","author":"Chauhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e156501","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI156501","article-title":"Human \u03b2-defensin-3 attenuates atopic dermatitis\u2013like inflammation through autophagy activation and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway","volume":"132","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Zhuang, J., Jiang, Y., Sun, J., Prinz, R.A., Sun, J., Jiao, X., and Xu, X. (2019). Toll-like receptor signalling cross-activates the autophagic pathway to restrict Salmonella Typhimurium growth in macrophages. Cell. Microbiol., 21.","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13095"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2019.1569916","article-title":"The macrophage-specific V-ATPase subunit ATP6V0D2 restricts inflammasome activation and bacterial infection by facilitating autophagosome-lysosome fusion","volume":"15","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conte, M., Nigro, F., Porpora, M., Bellomo, C., Furone, F., Budelli, A.L., Nigro, R., Barone, M.V., and Nanayakkara, M. (2022). Gliadin Peptide P31-43 Induces mTOR\/NFk\u03b2 Activation and Reduces Autophagy: The Role of Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 Postbiotc. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073655"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dini\u0107, M., Luki\u0107, J., Djoki\u0107, J., Milenkovi\u0107, M., Strahini\u0107, I., Goli\u0107, N., and Begovi\u0107, J. (2017). Lactobacillus fermentum postbiotic-induced autophagy as potential approach for treatment of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00594"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004107","article-title":"A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae","volume":"70","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3399","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00179","article-title":"ZnO\/curcumin nanocomposites for enhanced inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence via LasR-RhlR quorum sensing systems","volume":"16","author":"Prateeksha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-1289-4","article-title":"Surface components and metabolites of probiotics for regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/gastroent12010006","article-title":"Role of probiotics and their metabolites in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs)","volume":"12","author":"Toumi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Insight"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, C.N., Kogut, M.H., Genovese, K., He, H., Kazemi, S., and Arsenault, R.J. (2019). Administration of a Postbiotic Causes Immunomodulatory Responses in Broiler Gut and Reduces Disease Pathogenesis Following Challenge. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7080268"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thuy, T.T.D., Kuo, P.-Y., Lin, S.-M., and Kao, C.-Y. (2022). Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of potential probiotic Lactiplantibacillus pentosus SLC13. BMC Microbiol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02701-z"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2015.12.040","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum strains for multifunctional oat-based foods","volume":"68","author":"Russo","year":"2016","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.01.014","article-title":"Anti-biofilm potential of Lactobacillus plantarum Y3 culture and its cell-free supernatant against multidrug-resistant uropathogen Escherichia coli U12","volume":"29","author":"Mekky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horvath, P., Kato, T., Miyata, T., and Namba, K. (2019). Structure of Salmonella Flagellar Hook Reveals Intermolecular Domain Interactions for the Universal Joint Function. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.2210\/pdb6kfk\/pdb"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Qazi, I.H., Wang, L., Zhou, G., and Han, H. (2020). Salmonella Virulence and Immune Escape. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030407"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09574-1","article-title":"Downregulation of Salmonella Virulence Gene Expression During Invasion of Epithelial Cells Treated with Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris JFR1 Requires OppA","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15738-3","article-title":"Methylation of Salmonella Typhimurium flagella promotes bacterial adhesion and host cell invasion","volume":"11","author":"Horstmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-019-01868-5","article-title":"Type 1 fimbriae and motility play a pivotal role during interactions of Salmonella typhimurium with Acanthamoeba castellanii (T4 Genotype)","volume":"77","author":"Mannan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103773","article-title":"Antagonistic trait of Lactobacillus reuteri S5 against Salmonella enteritidis and assessment of its potential probiotic characteristics","volume":"137","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94","article-title":"Biofilms: An emergent form of bacterial life","volume":"14","author":"Flemming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.01.038","article-title":"Salmonella biofilms: An overview on occurrence, structure, regulation and eradication","volume":"45","author":"Steenackers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.02.015","article-title":"Integrated combined effects of temperature, pH and sodium chloride concentration on biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis and Typhimurium under low nutrient food-related conditions","volume":"107","author":"Iliadis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Divyashree, S., Anjali, P., Somashekaraiah, R., and Sreenivasa, M. (2021). Probiotic properties of Lactobacillus casei\u2013MYSRD 108 and Lactobacillus plantarum-MYSRD 71 with potential antimicrobial activity against Salmonella paratyphi. Biotechnol. Rep., 32.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2021.e00672"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tazehabadi, M.H., Algburi, A., Popov, I.V., Ermakov, A.M., Chistyakov, V.A., Prazdnova, E.V., Weeks, R., and Chikindas, M.L. (2021). Probiotic Bacilli inhibit Salmonella biofilm formation without killing planktonic cells. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.615328"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ijaz, A., Veldhuizen, E.J., Broere, F., Rutten, V.P., and Jansen, C.A. (2021). The interplay between Salmonella and intestinal innate immune cells in chickens. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111512"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2020.07.003","article-title":"Effect of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis probiotic supplementation on cecal Salmonella load in broilers challenged with salmonella","volume":"29","author":"Shanmugasundaram","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-021-01380-y","article-title":"Effects of underwater and semi-aquatic environments on gut tissue and microbiota of the mudskipper Boleophthalmus pectinirostris","volume":"191","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61279-6","article-title":"Duan-Nai-An, A Yeast probiotic, improves intestinal mucosa integrity and immune function in weaned piglets","volume":"10","author":"Zhaxi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102029","article-title":"Research Note: The effect of a probiotic E. faecium 669 mitigating Salmonella Enteritidis colonization of broiler chickens by improved gut integrity","volume":"101","author":"Olsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Sorrento, A., Castillejos, L., L\u00f3pez-Colom, P., Cifuentes-Orjuela, G., Rodr\u00edguez-Palmero, M., Moreno-Mu\u00f1oz, J.A., and Martin-Orue, S.M. (2020). Effects of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001, combined or not with oligofructose-enriched inulin, on weaned pigs orally challenged with Salmonella typhimurium. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.02012"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Chanez-Paredes, S.D., and Turner, J.R. (2022). Yamada's Textbook of Gastroenterology, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105681","article-title":"Astragalus polysaccharides attenuated inflammation and balanced the gut microflora in mice challenged with Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"74","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Deng, S.-L., Lian, Z.-X., and Yu, K. (2019). Roles of toll-like receptors in nitroxidative stress in mammals. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8060576"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756308","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1756308","article-title":"Probiotic Cell-Free Supernatants Exhibited Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity on Human Gut Epithelial Cells and Macrophages Stimulated with LPS","volume":"2018","author":"Sichetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.09.004","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory potential of probiotics: Lipoteichoic acid makes a difference","volume":"20","author":"Lebeer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, F.C., and Huang, S.C. (2021). The Combined Beneficial Effects of Postbiotic Butyrate on Active Vitamin D3-Orchestrated Innate Immunity to Salmonella Colitis. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9101296"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Q., Guo, Y., Yang, G., Cui, L., Wu, Z., Zeng, X., Pan, D., and Cai, Z. (2022). Structure and anti-inflammation potential of lipoteichoic acids isolated from Lactobacillus strains. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11111610"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"27","article-title":"A structural view of xenophagy, a battle between host and microbes","volume":"41","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, S., Shen, Y., Zhang, S., Xiao, Y., and Shi, S. (2020). Salmonella Interacts With Autophagy to Offense or Defense. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00721"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Wang, J.F., Liu, N., Wang, X., Wang, J., Yang, G.H., Yang, G.Y., and Zhu, Y.H. (2022). Lactobacillus johnsonii L531 Protects against Salmonella Infantis-Induced Intestinal Damage by Regulating the NOD Activation, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Autophagy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810395"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, L., Chu, B., Chen, S., Li, Y., Liu, N., Zhu, Y., and Zhou, D. (2021). Exopolysaccharides from Bifidobacterium animalis Ameliorate Escherichia coli-Induced IPEC-J2 Cell Damage via Inhibiting Apoptosis and Restoring Autophagy. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112363"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woo, S.M., Seo, S.U., Kim, S.H., Nam, J.-O., Kim, S., Park, J.-W., Min, K.-J., and Kwon, T.K. (2019). Hispidulin enhances TRAIL-mediated apoptosis via CaMKK\u03b2\/AMPK\/USP51 axis-mediated bim stabilization. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11121960"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.7.8.15860","article-title":"AMPK and mTOR coordinate the regulation of Ulk1 and mammalian autophagy initiation","volume":"7","author":"Shang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c06730","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum 69-2 combined with galacto-oligosaccharides alleviates d-galactose-induced aging by regulating the AMPK\/SIRT1 signaling pathway and gut microbiota in mice","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, J., Ji, X., Zhu, Y., Liu, W., Sun, J., Jiao, X., and Xu, X. (2021). Restriction of intracellular Salmonella typhimurium growth by the small-molecule autophagy inducer A77 1726 through the activation of the AMPK-ULK1 axis. Vet. Microbiol., 254.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.108982"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/20\/3215\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:06:54Z","timestamp":1760130414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/20\/3215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13203215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13203215","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]]}}}