{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:55:00Z","timestamp":1792788900771,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Linnaeus Veterinary Limited"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study aimed to investigate if arterial blood analysis in conscious horses presenting with signs of colic and breathing ambient air had diagnostic or prognostic value. Arterial blood samples from 352 horses presenting with colic at a university equine referral hospital were analysed for pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), concentrations of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), ionised calcium (Ca2+) and chloride (Cl\u2212), actual and standardised plasma bicarbonate concentration (HCO3\u2212 (P) and HCO3\u2212 (P, st)), blood and extracellular fluid base excess (Base (B) and Base (ecf)) and anion gap (AG). Results were compared to previously reported values for healthy horses, and comparisons were made between final diagnosis, treatment and survival to hospital discharge. Significant differences were found between colic cases and healthy reference values between some primary aetiologies. Overall, surgical and non-surgical colic cases differed in Ca2+ and Cl\u2212 concentrations and Ca2+ differed between cases that survived to discharge and those that did not. PaO2 differed between small intestinal surgical cases that survived and those that did not. From these results, we developed regression models that demonstrated excellent or good predictive value in identifying the likelihood of surgical versus medical management and survival to hospital discharge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13203241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T10:43:10Z","timestamp":1697539390000},"page":"3241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Arterial Blood Gas, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Values as Diagnostic and Prognostic Indicators in Equine Colic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Luisa","family":"Viterbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Downs Specialist Referrals, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, The Fresian Buildings 3\u20134, Dairy Business Park, Brewer Street, Bletchingley RH1 4QP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodie","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Downs Specialist Referrals, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, The Fresian Buildings 3\u20134, Dairy Business Park, Brewer Street, Bletchingley RH1 4QP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5293-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter I.","family":"Milner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine Clinical Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1573-1706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Bardell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine Clinical Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"800","article-title":"Causes of Gastrointestinal Colic in Horses in Western Canada: 604 Cases (1992 to 2002)","volume":"46","author":"Abutarbush","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J. Rev. Vet. Can."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02789.x","article-title":"A Two Year, Prospective Survey of Equine Colic in General Practice","volume":"24","author":"Proudman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Southwood, L.L. (2013). Practical Guide to Equine Colic, John Wiley & Sons Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118704783"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Nathaniel, A. (2005, January 2). White II Equine Colic: How to Make the Decision for Surgery. Proceedings of the AAEP Focus Meeting\u2014Equine Colic, Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.102973","article-title":"Using Artificial Intelligence to Predict Survivability Likelihood and Need for Surgery in Horses Presented with Acute Abdomen (Colic)","volume":"90","author":"Fraiwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2017.11.006","article-title":"Advances in Diagnostics and Treatments in Horses with Acute Colic and Postoperative Ileus","volume":"34","author":"Burke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1986.tb03626.x","article-title":"Study of Variables Commonly Used in Examination of Equine Colic Cases to Assess Prognostic Value","volume":"18","year":"1986","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Klohnen, A. (2012, January 1\u20135). Abdominal Ultrasonography in the Equine Patient with Acute Signs of Colic. Proceedings of the 58th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Anaheim, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02459.x","article-title":"Prognosis in Equine Medical and Surgical Colic","volume":"17","author":"Linden","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stratic\u00f2, P., Varasano, V., Palozzo, A., Guerri, G., Celani, G., Revelant, O., and Petrizzi, L. (2022). Retrospective Study on Risk Factors and Short-Term Outcome of Horses Referred for Colic from 2016 to 2022. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9100545"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13117","article-title":"Interpreting Abdominal Fluid in Colic Horses: Understanding and Applying Peritoneal Fluid Evidence","volume":"32","author":"Radcliffe","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2010.00093.x","article-title":"The Usability of Peritoneal Lactate Concentration as a Prognostic Marker in Horses with Severe Colic Admitted to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital: Peritoneal Lactate in Colic Horses","volume":"22","author":"Butler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2009.04.004","article-title":"Prognosticating Equine Colic","volume":"25","author":"Dukti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.12.005","article-title":"Equine Inflammatory Markers in the Twenty-First Century","volume":"36","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"703","article-title":"Determination of the Acid-Base Status in 50 Horses Admitted with Colic between December 1998 and May 1999","volume":"42","author":"Nappert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J. Rev. Vet. Can."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4447","DOI":"10.21897\/rmvz.74","article-title":"Blood Gas Analysis in Mangalarga Marchador Horses with Colic","volume":"20","author":"Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. MVZ C\u00f3rdoba"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02780.x","article-title":"A Comparison of Traditional and Quantitative Analysis of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Imbalances in Horses with Gastrointestinal Disorders","volume":"19","author":"Navarro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164054529391","article-title":"Use of Web-Based Data Collection to Evaluate Analgesic Administration and the Decision for Surgery in Horses with Colic","volume":"37","author":"White","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2018.11.001","article-title":"Exploratory Celiotomy in the Horse Secondary to Acute Colic: A Review of Indications and Success Rates","volume":"34","author":"Gardner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13839","article-title":"Performance of Predictive Models of Survival in Horses Undergoing Emergency Exploratory Laparotomy for Colic","volume":"51","author":"Bishop","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2019.04.015","article-title":"Determination of reference intervals for equine arterial blood-gas, acid-base and electrolyte analysis","volume":"46","author":"Hughes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005501","article-title":"Comparing Central Venous Blood Gas to Arterial Blood Gas and Determining Its Utility in Critically Ill Patients: Narrative Review","volume":"133","author":"Chong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12225","article-title":"Peripheral Venous and Arterial Blood Gas Analysis in Adults: Are They Comparable? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Systematic Review of PVBG and ABG Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Byrne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2006.tb00461.x","article-title":"Electrolyte Disorders in Horses with Colic. Part 1: Potassium and Magnesium","volume":"18","author":"Borer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1342","article-title":"Effects of A2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists on Urine Production in Horses Deprived of Food and Water","volume":"65","author":"Steffey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.2746\/042516402776117692","article-title":"Heparinised Blood Ionised Calcium Concentrations in Horses with Colic or Diarrhoea Compared to Normal Subjects","volume":"34","author":"Kolk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.7","article-title":"Prevalence and Prognostic Importance of Hypomagnesemia and Hypocalcemia in Horses That Have Colic Surgery","volume":"62","author":"Provost","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.201.08.1244","article-title":"Ionized Calcium Concentration in Horses with Surgically Managed Gastrointestinal Disease: 147 Cases (1988\u20131990)","volume":"201","author":"Dart","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02686.x","article-title":"Alterations in Serum Parathyroid Hormone and Electrolyte Concentrations and Urinary Excretion of Electrolytes in Horses with Induced Endotoxemia","volume":"19","author":"Toribio","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00886.x","article-title":"Hypocalcemia and Hypovitaminosis D in Dogs with Induced Endotoxemia","volume":"26","author":"Holowaychuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2010.00553.x","article-title":"Retrospective Study: Incidence of Ionized Hypocalcemia in Septic Dogs and Its Association with Morbidity and Mortality: 58 Cases (2006\u20132007): Ionized Hypocalcemia in Septic Dogs","volume":"20","author":"Luschini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2010.00562.x","article-title":"Retrospective Study: Ionized Calcium Concentrations in Cats with Septic Peritonitis: 55 Cases (1990\u20132008): Hypocalcemia in Cats with Septic Peritonitis","volume":"20","author":"Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.12341","article-title":"Hypocalcemia in Sepsis: Analysis of the Subcellular Distribution of Ca2+ in Septic Rats and LPS\/TNF-\u03b1-Treated HUVECs","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Knottenbelt, D.C., and Pascoe, R.R. (2014). Knottenbelt and Pascoe\u2019s Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of the Horse, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2006.tb00470.x","article-title":"Electrolyte Disorders in Horses with Colic. Part 2: Calcium, Sodium, Chloride and Phosphate","volume":"18","author":"Borer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2012.11.005","article-title":"Anesthesia for the Horse with Colic","volume":"29","author":"Boesch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13541","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Hypoxaemia in Horses Undergoing General Anaesthesia: A Retrospective Study","volume":"54","author":"Hovda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.06.001","article-title":"Review of Hypoxaemia in Anaesthetized Horses: Predisposing Factors, Consequences and Management","volume":"44","author":"Auckburally","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/20\/3241\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:08:39Z","timestamp":1760130519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/20\/3241"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13203241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13203241","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]}}}