{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T02:15:04Z","timestamp":1780366504696,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia through TROJAN RATS\u2013Travellers in Transit: seaports as gateways for the arrival and spread of rodent-borne pathogens","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/26254\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/26254\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia through TROJAN RATS\u2013Travellers in Transit: seaports as gateways for the arrival and spread of rodent-borne pathogens","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia through TROJAN RATS\u2013Travellers in Transit: seaports as gateways for the arrival and spread of rodent-borne pathogens","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia through TROJAN RATS\u2013Travellers in Transit: seaports as gateways for the arrival and spread of rodent-borne pathogens","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia through TROJAN RATS\u2013Travellers in Transit: seaports as gateways for the arrival and spread of rodent-borne pathogens","award":["2020.08694.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.08694.BD"]}]},{"name":"national funds to CESAM","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/26254\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/26254\/2017"]}]},{"name":"national funds to CESAM","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds to CESAM","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds to CESAM","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds to CESAM","award":["2020.08694.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.08694.BD"]}]},{"name":"doctoral fellowship","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/26254\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/26254\/2017"]}]},{"name":"doctoral fellowship","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"doctoral fellowship","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"doctoral fellowship","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"doctoral fellowship","award":["2020.08694.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.08694.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rodents have been the preferred models for the evaluation of the toxicity of pollutants and drugs and their genotoxic effects, including sperm shape abnormalities. The scientific literature is dominated by studies conducted with model animals in laboratory conditions, but a generally accepted and standardized protocol addressing the optimal number of sperm cells to count is still lacking. In this study, we reviewed the literature regarding the number of counted sperm cells in such assessments, published from 1969 to 2023. To infer the number of counts providing the best cost\/benefit regarding the robustness of the assay results, a new dataset involving the analysis of two populations of wild rodents was produced. We evaluated the frequency of sperm shape abnormalities in a total of 50 wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) captured in two port cities, aiming to detect the impact of differential sperm cell counts in the obtained results. During necropsy, the fresh epididymis tail of adult male rats was excised, and sperm cells were fixated in slides. For each animal, a total of 300, 500, 1000, and 2000 cells were sequentially counted, and head abnormalities were registered. Counting 300 sperm cells failed to detect significant differences between groups and 500 counts resulted in marginally significant differences. Only when 1000 or 2000 sperm cells were counted, significant differences emerged between groups. We propose that studies addressing sperm shape abnormalities should standardize counts to an optimal value of 1000 cells per animal, warranting robust statistical results while providing the best compromise concerning labor time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13213324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T02:40:07Z","timestamp":1698288007000},"page":"3324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessing Optimal Cell Counts in Sperm Shape Abnormality Assays in Rodents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Elizandra","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3876-958X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria da Luz","family":"Mathias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1334-4593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita I.","family":"Monarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia I.","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2017.1375097","article-title":"Genotoxicity testing: Progress and prospects for the next decade","volume":"13","author":"Turkez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. 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