{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T16:48:18Z","timestamp":1765039698179,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Principality of Asturias","award":["IDI-2021-000102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDI-2021-000102"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["IDI-2021-000102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDI-2021-000102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine distemper virus (CDV) affects a huge diversity of domestic and wild carnivores, with increasing numbers of mortality events worldwide. The local cell-mediated immune response elicited against a natural infection is an important factor in determining the outcome of CDV infection. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to describe the local immune response within the central nervous systems (CNSs) of seven badgers naturally infected with CDV in Asturias (Atlantic Spain) and to determine the phenotype and distribution of microglial cells, T and B lymphocytes, and astrocytes in the foci of gliosis located in the thalamus and cerebellum using immunohistochemistry. The immunohistochemical assessment demonstrated the presence of Iba1-positive microglia and GFAP-positive astrocytes in the foci of gliosis, whereas T (CD3-negative) or B (CD20-negative) lymphocytes in those same lesions were absent. Our results also revealed that the badgers with natural CDV encephalitis presented lesions mostly located in the white matter of the thalamus and cerebellum, suggesting a CDV-specific tropism for the white matter of badger brains in those locations. The knowledge gained in the field of the immunopathogenesis of distemper disease affecting the CNSs of badgers could help to clarify CDV disease patterns in this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13213360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T13:00:49Z","timestamp":1698670849000},"page":"3360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phenotypic Characterization of Encephalitis in the BRAINS of Badgers Naturally Infected with Canine Distemper Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Israel","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7786-6561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Garc\u00eda Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario (LOU) de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de L\u00e9on, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4080-3057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Oleaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociedad de Servicios del Principado de Asturias S.A. (SERPA), 33203 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8685-5071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Gracia","family":"de Garnica Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Micros Veterinaria, S.L., 24007 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5121-7264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Balseiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganader\u00eda de Monta\u00f1a (CSIC\u2014Universidad de Le\u00f3n), 24346 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2012.47","article-title":"Emerging Virus Diseases: Can We Ever Expect the Unexpected?","volume":"1","author":"Howard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. 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