{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:38:19Z","timestamp":1790012299947,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Ocean University","award":["R20061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R20061"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Ocean University","award":["2020ZDZX1043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZDZX1043"]}]},{"name":"AFB1Induced Hepatotoxicity in Broilers","award":["R20061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R20061"]}]},{"name":"AFB1Induced Hepatotoxicity in Broilers","award":["2020ZDZX1043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZDZX1043"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Areas of Higher Education Project, Research and Development of Astaxanthin","award":["R20061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R20061"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Areas of Higher Education Project, Research and Development of Astaxanthin","award":["2020ZDZX1043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZDZX1043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (R. mucilaginosa) can enhance the immune and antioxidant function of the body. However, whether R. mucilaginosa has an immunoregulatory effect on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed animals remains to be clarified. In this study, the R. mucilaginosa ZTHY2 that we isolated from the coastal waters of the South China Sea previously was prepared in order to investigate its immunoprotective effect on CTX-induced immunosuppression in mice, and the effects were compared to those of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) (a well-known probiotic). Seventy-two male SPF mice were divided into six groups: The C group (control); IM group (immunosuppressive model group) (+CTX); Rl, Rm, and Rh groups (+CTX+low, medium, and high concentration of R. mucilaginosa, respectively); and PC (positive control) group (+CTX+LA). After a 28-day feeding trial, blood samples were taken for biochemical and serum immunological analysis, and the thymus and spleen were collected to analyze the organ index, lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, and antioxidant capacity. The findings showed that R. mucilaginosa ZTHY2 improved the spleen and thymus indices, effectively attenuated immune organ atrophy caused by CTX, and enhanced the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes induced by ConA and LPS. R. mucilaginosa ZTHY2 promoted the secretion of cytokines and immunoglobulins and significantly increased the contents of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, IgA, IgG, IgM, CD4, CD8, CD19, and CD20 in serum. The proportion of CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, and CD20+ lymphocytes in spleen, thymus, and mesenteric lymph nodes were increased. In addition, R. mucilaginosa ZTHY2 reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increased glutathione (GSH), total superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels. Our results indicated that R. mucilaginosa ZTHY2 can significantly enhance the immune function of immunosuppressed mice, and improving antioxidant capacity thus attenuates CTX-induced immunosuppression and immune organ atrophy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13213376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T12:48:31Z","timestamp":1698756511000},"page":"3376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Rhodotorula mucilaginosa ZTHY2 Attenuates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weitian","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongying","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"South China Branch of National Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11673-5","article-title":"Impairment of carotenoid biosynthesis through CAR1 gene mutation results in CoQ(10), sterols, and phytoene accumulation in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa","volume":"106","author":"Tkacova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. 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