{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:12:58Z","timestamp":1785197578424,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Research Project for Agriculture of Liaoning Province (for Jun Ding), High-level talent support grant for innovation in Dalian","award":["2020RD03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020RD03"]}]},{"name":"Major Research Project for Agriculture of Liaoning Province (for Jun Ding), High-level talent support grant for innovation in Dalian","award":["XLYC2002107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XLYC2002107"]}]},{"name":"Major Research Project for Agriculture of Liaoning Province (for Jun Ding), High-level talent support grant for innovation in Dalian","award":["FREU2020-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FREU2020-02"]}]},{"name":"Liaoning Province \u201cXingliao Talents Plan\u201d project","award":["2020RD03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020RD03"]}]},{"name":"Liaoning Province \u201cXingliao Talents Plan\u201d project","award":["XLYC2002107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XLYC2002107"]}]},{"name":"Liaoning Province \u201cXingliao Talents Plan\u201d project","award":["FREU2020-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FREU2020-02"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. P. R. China","award":["2020RD03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020RD03"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. P. R. China","award":["XLYC2002107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XLYC2002107"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. P. R. China","award":["FREU2020-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FREU2020-02"]}]},{"name":"Major Research Project for Agriculture of Liaoning Province","award":["2020RD03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020RD03"]}]},{"name":"Major Research Project for Agriculture of Liaoning Province","award":["XLYC2002107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XLYC2002107"]}]},{"name":"Major Research Project for Agriculture of Liaoning Province","award":["FREU2020-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FREU2020-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Regulating movement direction is essential in the locomotion of animals. Sea cucumbers, as eyeless animals, do not have eyes for the perception of the surrounding environment and food. They have a unique way of swinging their bodies when a food cue is detected, although they lack an important perceptual tool. The present study investigated the movement patterns of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in the absence of a food cue (experiment 1) and in the presence of a food cue (experiment 2). In experiment 1, we found that the movement of sea cucumbers was close to a linear motion (motion linearity 0.91 \u00b1 0.01). In experiment 2, sea cucumbers most frequently adjusted the movement direction when being exposed to food (84 times\/216 min), indicating that sea cucumbers adjusted the direction of movement in the swing state but not the motion state. In experiment 2, we found significantly lower time in the immobility state in the sea cucumbers in the presence of food cues compared to that of those without being exposed to food cues, and the frequency of the motion state in response to food cues was 1.6 times than that of those without food cue. This suggests that food cues cause the change in motion state in sea cucumbers. Swing frequency was 1.7 times higher in sea cucumbers exposed to food cues than that of those not exposed to food cues. Further, sea cucumbers in the presence of food showed significantly better performances in swing angle and swing velocity compared to those not exposed to food cues. This suggests that food cue significantly affects the swing state of sea cucumbers. Notably, the present study described the movement patterns of sea cucumbers when they detected food cues, and other factors (such as the detection of predators) need to be further studied. The present study provides new insights into the regulation of movement direction in eyeless organisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13213388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T03:29:33Z","timestamp":1698809373000},"page":"3388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Swing Regulates Movement Direction in the Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in the Presence of Food Cue: New Insights into Movement Patterns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zihe","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China\u2019s Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangnan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China\u2019s Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China\u2019s Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China\u2019s Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China\u2019s Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China\u2019s Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5558-0546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China\u2019s Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00004-5","article-title":"Head direction cells and the neurophysiological basis for a sense of direction","volume":"55","author":"Taube","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog. 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