{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:38:51Z","timestamp":1791283131777,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}]},{"name":"National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety","award":["TKP2021-EGA-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-EGA-01"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["TKP2021-EGA-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-EGA-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reovirus infections in turkeys are associated with arthritis and lameness. Viral genome sequence data are scarce, which makes an accurate description of the viral evolution and epidemiology difficult. In this study, we isolated and characterized turkey reoviruses from Hungary. The isolates were identified in 2016; these isolates were compared with earlier Hungarian turkey reovirus strains and turkey reoviruses isolated in the 2010s in the United States. Gene-wise sequence and phylogenetic analyses identified the cell-receptor binding protein and the main neutralization antigen, \u03c3C, to be the most conserved. The most genetically diverse gene was another surface antigen coding gene, \u03bcB. This gene was shown to undergo frequent reassortment among chicken and turkey origin reoviruses. Additional reassortment events were found primarily within members of the homologous turkey reovirus clade. Our data showed evidence for low variability among strains isolated from independent outbreaks, a finding that suggests a common source of turkey reoviruses in Hungarian turkey flocks. Given that commercial vaccines are not available, identification of the source of these founder virus strains would permit a more efficient prevention of disease outbreaks before young birds are settled to fattening facilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13223504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T02:20:37Z","timestamp":1699928437000},"page":"3504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Snapshot on the Genomic Epidemiology of Turkey Reovirus Infections, Hungary"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bence","family":"G\u00e1l","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intervet Hung\u00e1ria Kft, Lechner Odon Fasor 10\/b, H-1095 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e1ta","family":"Varga-Kugler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katalin","family":"Ih\u00e1sz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eszter","family":"Kaszab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Metagenomics, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szilvia","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szilvia","family":"Marton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5740-6947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito","family":"Martella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kriszti\u00e1n","family":"B\u00e1nyai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Swayne, D.E. (2020). Diseases of Poultry, Wiley-Blackwell. [14th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-22-99993","article-title":"Incidence and Economic Impact of Reovirus in the Poultry Industries in the United States","volume":"66","author":"French","year":"2022","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1637\/8916-050309-Reg.1","article-title":"Myocarditis Associated with Reovirus in Turkey Poults","volume":"53","author":"Shivaprasad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1637\/9262-020110-Reg.1","article-title":"Retrospective Study of Myocarditis Associated with Reovirus in Turkeys","volume":"54","author":"Crespo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2014.940496","article-title":"The Role of Avian Reoviruses in Turkey Tenosynovitis\/Arthritis","volume":"43","author":"Sharafeldin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/76.4.564","article-title":"Immune System Dysfunction during Exposure to Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome Agents","volume":"76","author":"Qureshi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450500178501","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Turkey Origin Reoviruses in Turkeys and Chickens","volume":"34","author":"Spackman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001781","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001781","article-title":"ICTV Report Consortium. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Spinareoviridae 2022","volume":"103","author":"Matthijnssens","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36960","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36960","article-title":"Lineage Diversification, Homo- and Heterologous Reassortment and Recombination Shape the Evolution of Chicken Orthoreoviruses","volume":"6","author":"Farkas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.11.018","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of a Novel Reassortant Orthoreovirus Strain Detected in Partridge (Perdix Perdix)","volume":"215","author":"Kugler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.5.902","article-title":"New Class of Fusion-Associated Small Transmembrane (FAST) Proteins Encoded by the Non-Enveloped Fusogenic Reoviruses","volume":"19","author":"Shmulevitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3667-8","article-title":"Isolation and Genomic Characterization of a Novel Avian orthoreovirus Strain in Korea, 2014","volume":"163","author":"Noh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14727","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14727","article-title":"Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Newly Emerging Avian Reovirus Variants and Novel Strains in Pennsylvania, USA, 2011\u20132014","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.01.005","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis, Genomic Diversity and Classification of M Class Gene Segments of Turkey Reoviruses","volume":"176","author":"Mor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020130410601","article-title":"Sequence Analysis of the S3 Gene from a Turkey Reovirus","volume":"25","author":"Kapczynski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01333-15","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01333-15","article-title":"Genome Sequences of Three Turkey Orthoreovirus Strains Isolated in Hungary","volume":"3","author":"Kisfali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00e1l, B., Varga-Kugler, R., Ih\u00e1sz, K., Kaszab, E., Dom\u00e1n, M., Farkas, S., and B\u00e1nyai, K. (2023). Marked Genotype Diversity among Reoviruses Isolated from Chicken in Selected East-Central European Countries. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132137"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bali, K., B\u00e1lint, \u00c1., Farsang, A., Marton, S., Nagy, B., Kaszab, E., Bel\u00e1k, S., Palya, V., and B\u00e1nyai, K. (2021). Recombination Events Shape the Genomic Evolution of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Europe. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040535"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"95","article-title":"BioEdit: A User-friendly Biological Sequence Alignment Editor and Analysis Program for Windows 95\/98\/NT","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu531","article-title":"AliView: A Fast and Lightweight Alignment Viewer and Editor for Large Datasets","volume":"30","author":"Larsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199","article-title":"Geneious Basic: An Integrated and Extendable Desktop Software Platform for the Organization and Analysis of Sequence Data","volume":"28","author":"Kearse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic Local Alignment Search Tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2002067","article-title":"Classification of Dutch and German avian reoviruses by sequencing the sigmaC protein","volume":"34","author":"Kant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.03.029","article-title":"Genomic Characterization of a Turkey Reovirus Field Strain by Next-Generation Sequencing","volume":"32","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.07.012","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of L Class Genome Segments of a Newly Isolated Turkey Arthritis Reovirus","volume":"27","author":"Mor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.06.009","article-title":"Characterization of S Class Gene Segments of a Newly Isolated Turkey Arthritis Reovirus","volume":"464\u2013465","author":"Mor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458008418380","article-title":"Infectious Synovitis in Turkeys: Isolation of Tenosynovitis Virus-like Agent","volume":"9","author":"Levisohn","year":"1980","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.2307\/1589973","article-title":"Pathogenicity for Chickens of a Reovirus Isolated from Turkeys","volume":"24","author":"Kalbac","year":"1980","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.2307\/1590668","article-title":"Studies on Orthoreoviruses Isolated from Young Turkeys. I. Isolation and Characterization","volume":"29","author":"Nersessian","year":"1985","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(2002)046[0032:IOARFP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Isolation of a Reovirus from Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome and Its Pathogenicity in Turkey Poults","volume":"46","author":"Qureshi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.2307\/1592148","article-title":"Antigenic Characterization of a Turkey Coronavirus Identified in Poult Enteritis- and Mortality Syndrome-Affected Turkeys","volume":"41","author":"Guy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/76.7.952","article-title":"Atypical Escherichia Coli Strains and Their Association with Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Edens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1947-5","article-title":"Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Brazilian Turkey Reovirus from Immunosuppressed Young Poults","volume":"159","author":"Rosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1637\/10353-090712-Reg.1","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of a Turkey Arthritis Reovirus","volume":"57","author":"Mor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2014.904500","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Turkey Enteric Reovirus S3 Gene","volume":"43","author":"Jindal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2021.198349","article-title":"Genomic Characterization of Avian and Neoavian Orthoreoviruses Detected in Pheasants","volume":"297","author":"Farkas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02743-8","article-title":"Phenotypic, Genotypic and Antigenic Characterization of Emerging Avian Reoviruses Isolated from Clinical Cases of Arthritis in Broilers in Saskatchewan, Canada","volume":"7","author":"Ayalew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.06.006","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Emerging Avian Reovirus Variants Isolated from Viral Arthritis Cases in Western Canada 2012\u20132017 Based on Partial Sigma (\u03c3)C Gene","volume":"522","author":"Mitevski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0616","article-title":"Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Fowl Adenovirus and Avian Reovirus from Breeder Chickens in Japan in 2019\u20132021","volume":"84","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"452","article-title":"Review of Viral Arthritis in Canada","volume":"66","author":"Nickel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2020.1804528","article-title":"Genotypic Characterization and Molecular Evolution of Avian Reovirus in Poultry Flocks from Brazil","volume":"49","author":"Wolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"420","article-title":"Avian Reoviruses from Clinical Cases of Tenosynovitis: An Overview of Diagnostic Approaches and 10-Year Review of Isolations and Genetic Characterization","volume":"66","author":"Sellers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.12.014","article-title":"Current Limitations in Control of Viral Arthritis and Tenosynovitis Caused by Avian Reoviruses in Commercial Poultry","volume":"206","author":"Sellers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.01.011","article-title":"The Diversity of the Orthoreoviruses: Molecular Taxonomy and Phylogentic Divides","volume":"9","author":"Day","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2006.09.005","article-title":"Avian Reovirus: Structure and Biology","volume":"123","author":"Benavente","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.08.014","article-title":"Sequences of Avian Reovirus M1, M2 and M3 Genes and Predicted Structure\/Function of the Encoded Mu Proteins","volume":"116","author":"Noad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virus Res."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/22\/3504\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:22:27Z","timestamp":1760131347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/22\/3504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13223504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13223504","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]}}}