{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:49:40Z","timestamp":1773362980853,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stofnverndarsj\u00f3\u00f0ur \u00edslenska hestakynsins"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A high prevalence of both squamous (ESGD) and glandular (EGGD) ulcers was previously found in, mainly young, Icelandic horses coming into training for the first time. This study evaluated risk factors for gastric ulcers in Icelandic riding horses at various ages and stages of training. The horses (n = 211) were gastroscoped from 21 equine establishments across Iceland. A variety of morphometric, clinical, behavioural and management factors were evaluated as potential risk factors for gastroscopically significant (grade \u2265 2\/4: found in 27% of horses) or gastroscopically severe (grade 3 or 4\/4: found in ~10% of horses) ESGD or gastroscopically significant EGGD (grade \u2265 1\/2: found in 46.4%). Body condition score (BCS), cresty neck score (CNS), stable\/turnout behaviour, exercise intensity\/frequency and age were not significantly associated with ESGD or EGGD ulcer score. However, having come off the pasture into training for 4 weeks or less was a significant risk factor for gastroscopically significant and severe ESGD compared to 5 weeks or more. For both EGGD and ESGD, \u201cregion\u201d was important. Gastroscopically significant EGGD and gastroscopically severe ESGD were more prevalent in those showing clinical signs often associated with ulcers. Geldings were more likely to have gastroscopically significant ESGD than both mares and stallions and more EGGD than stallions. Being stabled, but spending &gt;2 h\/day out in the paddock, compared with &lt;2 h paddock time or full-time turnout, was protective for gastroscopically significant ESGD as was being fed complementary feed (all fed &lt;1 g non-structural carbohydrate (NSC)\/kg\/BW\/meal). Being at a training establishment for &gt;4 weeks was protective for gastroscopically significant and gastroscopically severe ESGD but not EGGD. This study confirms the relatively low prevalence of ESGD in Icelandic horses being kept in training establishments and fed low NSC diets but highlights the high prevalence of EGGD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13223512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T11:03:45Z","timestamp":1699959825000},"page":"3512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Risk Factors for Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome Incidence in Adult Icelandic Riding Horses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nanna","family":"Luthersson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hestedoktoren, Hojgaard Sjaelland ApS, Hvalsovej 298, DK-4360 Eskilstrup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00dand\u00edna \u00ddr","family":"\u00deorgr\u00edmsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dyrl\u00e6ge ehf, Vidar\u00e1s 85, 110 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4068-1624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray LE14 4RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Parkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3606-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Hopster-Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9049-1920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Euan D.","family":"Bennet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1996.tb03107.x","article-title":"Factors associated with gastric lesions in Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"28","author":"Murray","year":"1996","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13578","article-title":"European College of Equine Internal Medicine Consensus Statement: Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Adult Horses","volume":"29","author":"Sykes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"105830","article-title":"Equine gastric ulcer syndrome in adult horses","volume":"283","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vokes, J., Lovett, A., and Sykes, B. (2023). Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome: An Update on Current Knowledge. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071261"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05165.x","article-title":"Clinical syndromes of gastric ulceration in foals and mature horses","volume":"31","author":"Andrews","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"361","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of omeprazole on physiological indices of performance of horses during incremental treadmill exercise","volume":"2","author":"Cox","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2746\/042516406776866390","article-title":"Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training","volume":"38","author":"Jonsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2746\/095777308X282363","article-title":"Poor performance associated with equine gastric ulceration syndrome in four Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"20","author":"Franklin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12495","article-title":"Nutritional management of gastric ulceration","volume":"29","author":"Andrews","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Edu."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"69","article-title":"Equine glandular gastric disease: Prevalence, impact and management strategies","volume":"10","author":"Banse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X441910","article-title":"Equine Gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) in 201 horses in Denmark and the influence of age, sex, temperament, breed and workload","volume":"41","author":"Luthersson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X441929","article-title":"Risk factors associated with equine gastric ulceration syndrome in 201 horses in Denmark","volume":"41","author":"Luthersson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2019.05.007","article-title":"Effect of changing diet on gastric ulceration in exercising horses and ponies following cessation of omeprazole treatment","volume":"83","author":"Luthersson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12949","article-title":"Risk factors for equine glandular and squamous gastric disease in show jumping Warmbloods","volume":"50","author":"Pedersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15350","article-title":"Management factors and clinical implications of glandular and squamous gastric disease in horses","volume":"33","author":"Sykes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.06.0263","article-title":"Effect of moving from being extensively managed out in pasture into training on the incidence of equine gastric ulcer syndrome in Icelandic horses","volume":"260","author":"Luthersson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01826.x","article-title":"Relationship between Condition Score, Physical Measurements and Body-Fat Percentage in Mares","volume":"15","author":"Henneke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.02.029","article-title":"Apparent adiposity assessed by standardised scoring systems and morphometric measurements in horses and ponies","volume":"179","author":"Carter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12688","article-title":"Preliminary investigations into a novel, long-acting, injectable, intramuscular formulation of omeprazole in the horse","volume":"49","author":"Sykes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05166.x","article-title":"Cross-sectional study of gastric ulcers of the squamous mucosa in thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"29","author":"Vatistas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.6.787","article-title":"Effect of gastric ulceration on physiologic responses to exercise in horses","volume":"70","author":"Nieto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13468","article-title":"The ridden horse pain ethogram","volume":"34","author":"Dyson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13803","article-title":"Application of a Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram in Icelandic horses: A pilot study","volume":"35","author":"Garcia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X284673","article-title":"Effect of paddock vs. stall housing on 24 h gastric pH within the proximal and ventral equine stomach","volume":"40","author":"Husted","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelemen, Z., Grimm, H., Vogl, C., Long, M., Cavalleri, J.M., Auer, U., and Jenner, F. (2021). Equine Activity Time Budgets: The Effect of Housing and Management Conditions on Geriatric Horses and Horses with Chronic Orthopaedic Disease. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11071867"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116002469","article-title":"Feeding conserved forage to horses: Recent advances and recommendations","volume":"11","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"61","article-title":"Level of energy restriction alters body condition score and morphometric profile in obese Shetland ponies","volume":"1","author":"Bruynsteen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02437.x","article-title":"Gastric ulcers in standardbred racehorses: Prevalence, lesion description, and risk factors","volume":"17","author":"Dionne","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1989.tb05659.x","article-title":"Gastric ulcers in horses: A comparison of endoscopic findings in horses with and without clinical signs","volume":"7","author":"Murray","year":"1989","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02755.x","article-title":"Prevalence of ulcers of the squamous gastric mucosa in standardbred horses","volume":"19","author":"Roy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2007.36729","article-title":"The prevalence of gastric ulceration in racehorses in New Zealand","volume":"55","author":"Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00129.x","article-title":"Prevalence of gastric ulcer syndrome in high-level endurance horses","volume":"43","author":"Tamzali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-S1-S4","article-title":"Effect of pectin, lecithin, and antacid feed supplements (Egusin\u00ae) on gastric ulcer scores, gastric fluid pH and blood gas values in horses","volume":"10","author":"Woodward","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13404","article-title":"Effects of supplements containing turmeric and devil\u2019s claw on equine gastric ulcer scores and gastric juice pH","volume":"34","author":"Banse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14370","article-title":"Risk factors for equine gastric glandular disease: A case-control study in a Finnish Referral Hospital Population","volume":"30","author":"Hewetson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/22\/3512\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:22:49Z","timestamp":1760131369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/22\/3512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13223512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13223512","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]}}}