{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:03:17Z","timestamp":1791280997587,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretary of Research and Technology of the National University of R\u00edo Cuarto","award":["PPI 18\/C475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPI 18\/C475"]}]},{"name":"Secretary of Research and Technology of the National University of R\u00edo Cuarto","award":["BID-PICT 0932-2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BID-PICT 0932-2012"]}]},{"name":"Secretary of Research and Technology of the National University of R\u00edo Cuarto","award":["PICT 2533-2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2533-2014"]}]},{"name":"National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion FONCYT","award":["PPI 18\/C475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPI 18\/C475"]}]},{"name":"National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion FONCYT","award":["BID-PICT 0932-2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BID-PICT 0932-2012"]}]},{"name":"National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion FONCYT","award":["PICT 2533-2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2533-2014"]}]},{"name":"CONICET Argentina (Argentinean National Research Council for Science and Technology)","award":["PPI 18\/C475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPI 18\/C475"]}]},{"name":"CONICET Argentina (Argentinean National Research Council for Science and Technology)","award":["BID-PICT 0932-2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BID-PICT 0932-2012"]}]},{"name":"CONICET Argentina (Argentinean National Research Council for Science and Technology)","award":["PICT 2533-2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2533-2014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We provide the first evidence for hemoparasites in the endemic Cordoba treefrog Boana cordobae. We collected 37 adult frogs at 1200 m a.s.l. in the Comechingones Mountains in the C\u00f3rdoba province (Argentina). Each individual was sexed, then snout\u2013vent length and body mass were recorded, a toe was collected for skeletochronological age determination, and a slide with a blood smear was prepared for hemoparasite screening, before releasing the frogs in situ. A total of 81% (n = 30) of the frogs were infected by hemogregarines and trypanosomes with a high intensity of infections. Dactylosoma was found for the first time in Argentina. Hemoparasites had no significant effect on the leukocyte profile, which we assessed from the May\u2013Gr\u00fcnwald\u2013Giemsa-stained blood smears. The neutrophils\/lymphocytes ratio, indicative of stress, was insignificantly higher (0.06) in parasitized frogs than in parasite-free individuals (0.04). Infected frogs were larger than the controls, but this effect vanished when correcting size data for age. Young frogs (first-breeders) dominated the age distribution of parasite-free individuals, suggesting that infection of frogs takes usually place after sexual maturation. Vectors transmitting hemoparasites to B. cordobae remain to be identified. We demonstrate that moderate to high intensities of hemoparasites do not significantly affect the cellular immune response of B. cordobae, or any of the life-history traits studied, nor did they show any external sign of disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13223566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T07:33:18Z","timestamp":1700292798000},"page":"3566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hemoparasites Do Not Affect Life-History Traits and Cellular Immune Response in Treefrog Hosts Boana cordobae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Favio","family":"Pollo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N\u00b0 36\u2013km 601, R\u00edo Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Rosario S2000EZ, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulma","family":"Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N\u00b0 36\u2013km 601, R\u00edo Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Rosario S2000EZ, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Baraquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N\u00b0 36\u2013km 601, R\u00edo Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Rosario S2000EZ, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel A.","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N\u00b0 36\u2013km 601, R\u00edo Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Rosario S2000EZ, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo R.","family":"Grenat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N\u00b0 36\u2013km 601, R\u00edo Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Rosario S2000EZ, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N\u00b0 36\u2013km 601, R\u00edo Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Rosario S2000EZ, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo L.","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N\u00b0 36\u2013km 601, R\u00edo Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Rosario S2000EZ, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8735-8723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Sinsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Zoology Group, University of Koblenz, 56070 Koblenz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103538","article-title":"Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide","volume":"306","author":"Stuart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25625","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25625","article-title":"Quantitative evidence for the effects of multiple drivers on continental-scale amphibian declines","volume":"6","author":"Grant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10650","article-title":"Additive threats from pathogens, climate and land-use change for global amphibian diversity","volume":"480","author":"Hof","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-012-0785-3","article-title":"Macroparasite Infections of Amphibians: What Can They Tell Us?","volume":"9","author":"Koprivnikar","year":"2012","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2012.632310","article-title":"Predicting Wild Hosts for Amphibian Chytridiomycosis: Integrating Host Life-History Traits with Pathogen Environmental Requirements","volume":"18","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.7589\/2015-04-104","article-title":"Monitoring ranavirus-associated mortality in a Dutch heathland in the aftermath of a ranavirus disease outbreak","volume":"52","author":"Kik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05977","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.05977","article-title":"Synthesis of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in South America: Amphibian species under risk and areas to focus research and disease mitigation","volume":"2022","author":"Azat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00214","article-title":"Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans Can Devour More than Salamanders","volume":"57","author":"Towe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/aec.12695","article-title":"A review of the role of parasites in the ecology of reptiles and amphibians","volume":"44","author":"Bower","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(00)45003-7","article-title":"The biology of some intraerythrocytic parasites of fishes, amphibia and reptiles","volume":"45","author":"Davies","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.1667.1.1","article-title":"Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of amphibians of the world","volume":"1667","author":"Duszynski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.48.3.235","article-title":"Diseases of amphibians","volume":"48","author":"Densmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007003058","article-title":"Morphological and molecular diversity and phylogenetic relationships among anuran trypanosomes from the Amazonia, Atlantic Forest and Pantanal biomes in Brazil","volume":"134","author":"Ferreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4338-x","article-title":"Characterization of Hepatozoon spp. in Leptodactylus chaquensis and Leptodactylus podicipinus from two regions of the Pantanal, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil","volume":"114","author":"Leal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.01.003","article-title":"Biodiversity of frog haemoparasites from sub-tropical northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"4","author":"Netherlands","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"100834","article-title":"Hematologic variables of free-living Leptodactylus luctator with and without hemoparasites and thrombidiform mites in southern Brazil","volume":"38","author":"Bilhalva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-20.3.180","article-title":"Blood parasites of amphibians from Algonquin Park, Ontario","volume":"20","author":"Barta","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60305-X","article-title":"The Dactylosomatidae","volume":"30","author":"Barta","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Barnard, S.M., and Upton, S.J. (1994). A Veterinary Guide to the Parasites of Reptiles, Krieger Publishing Company. Protozoa."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3023-1","article-title":"Diversity and evolution of anuran trypanosomes: Insights from the study of European species","volume":"11","author":"Spodareva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Mutschmann, F. (2010). Erkrankungen der Amphibien, Georg Thieme Verlag."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Le Trypanosoma inopinatum","volume":"36","author":"Franca","year":"1915","journal-title":"Arch. Protistenk."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"19","article-title":"Select Protozoal Diseases in Amphibians and Reptiles: A Report for the Infectious Diseases Committee, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","volume":"5","author":"Wright","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull. Assoc. Reptil. Amphib. Vet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-72-169327-X\/50079-1","article-title":"Overview of amphibian medicine","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Wright","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reptile Medicine and Surgery"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.5.918","article-title":"Trypanosome Transmission by Corethrella wirthi (Diptera, Chaoboridae) to the Green Treefrog, Hyla cinerea (Anura, Hylidae)","volume":"30","author":"Johnson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12140","article-title":"Cues used in host-seeking behavior by frog-biting midges (Corethrella spp. Coquillet)","volume":"40","author":"Bernal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2016.01.005","article-title":"Sexual differences in prevalence of a new species of trypanosome infecting tungara frogs","volume":"5","author":"Bernal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1378","article-title":"Hemogregarine parasites in wild captive animals, a broad study in S\u00e3o Paulo Zoo","volume":"5","author":"Calil","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00399-z","article-title":"Haemogregarine of Genus Dactylosoma (Adeleorina: Dactylosomatidae) in Species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"66","author":"Correa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2018.06.003","article-title":"Hemogregarine and Rickettsial infection in ticks of toads from northeastern Colombia","volume":"7","author":"Santodomingo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.15517\/rbt.v69i2.45459","article-title":"Do blood parasites increase immature erythrocytes and mitosis in amphibians?","volume":"69","author":"Matta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01467.x","article-title":"The use of leukocyte profiles to measure stress in vertebrates: A review for ecologists","volume":"22","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3076-6","article-title":"Widespread trypanosome infections in a population of eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) in Virginia, USA","volume":"112","author":"Davis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-019-03015-9","article-title":"A survey of leukocyte profiles of red-backed salamanders from Mountain Lake, Virginia, and associations with host parasite types","volume":"28","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Path."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2008.03.006","article-title":"Amphibian Hematology","volume":"11","author":"Allender","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Bain, P., and Harr, K.E. (2022). Schalm\u2019s Veterinary Hematology, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13020","article-title":"The use of glucocorticoid hormones or leucocyte profiles to measure stress in vertebrates: What\u2019s the difference?","volume":"9","author":"Davis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12442","article-title":"A meta-analysis of plasma corticosterone and heterophil:lymphocyte ratios\u2014Is there conservation of physiological stress responses over time?","volume":"29","author":"Goessling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"115","article-title":"Las subespecies de Hyla pulchella Dumeril y Bibron (Anura, Hylidae)","volume":"25","author":"Barrio","year":"1965","journal-title":"Physis"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Amphibians of Argentina","volume":"2","author":"Cei","year":"1980","journal-title":"Monit. Zool. Ital. N.S. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2004.03.008","article-title":"A molecular perspective on the phylogeny of the Hyla pulchella species group (Anura, Hylidae)","volume":"32","author":"Faivovich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Phyl. Evol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/bionomina.11.1.1","article-title":"The nomenclatural status of Hysaplesia, Hylaplesia, Dendrobates and related nomina (Amphibia, Anura), with general comments on zoological nomenclature and its governance, as well as on taxonomic databases and websites","volume":"11","author":"Dubois","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bionomina"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferro, J.M., Cardozo, D.E., Su\u00e1rez, P., Boeris, J.M., Blasco-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, A., Barbero, G., Gomes, A., Gazoni, T., Costa, W., and Nagamachi, C.Y. (2018). Chromosome evolution in Cophomantini (Amphibia, Anura, Hylinae). PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192861"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.15517\/rbt.v66i4.32365","article-title":"Effect to age on the geographic variation in morphometric traits among populations of Boana cordobae (Anura: Hylidae)","volume":"66","author":"Baraquet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"141","article-title":"Sexual Size Dimorphism in Relation to Age and Growth in Hypsiboas cordobae (Anura: Hylidae) from C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina","volume":"12","author":"Otero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Herpetol. Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"391","article-title":"Age, Body Size, And growth of Boana cordobae (Anura: Hylidae) along an elevational gradient in Argentina","volume":"13","author":"Baraquet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Herpetol. Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"7","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis estructural del canto nupcial de Hyla pulchella cordobae (Amphibia: Hylidae) en la provincia de C\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)","volume":"10","author":"Zavattieri","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Herp."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"479","article-title":"Advertisement Calls and Interspecific Variation in Hypsiboas cordobae and Hypsiboas pulchellus (Anura, Hylidae) from Central Argentina","volume":"65","author":"Baraquet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Zool. Bulg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10211-014-0188-2","article-title":"Geographic variation in the advertisement call of Hypsiboas cordobae (Anura, Hylidae)","volume":"18","author":"Baraquet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ethol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1051\/limn\/2015015","article-title":"Trophic ecology of syntopic anuran larvae, Rhinella arenarum (Anura: Bufonidae) and Hypsiboas cordobae (Anura: Hylidae): Its relation to the structure of periphyton","volume":"51","author":"Pollo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Limnol. Int. J. Lim."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02003","article-title":"Anuran tadpoles inhabiting a fluoride-rich stream: Diets and morphological indicators","volume":"5","author":"Pollo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.08.003","article-title":"Assessment in situ of genotoxicity in tadpoles and adults of frog Hypsiboas cordobae (Barrio 1965) inhabiting aquatic ecosystems associated to fluorite mine","volume":"133","author":"Pollo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"de la Navarre, B. (2023, September 01). Common Parasitic Diseases of Reptiles and Amphibians. In Proceedings of CVC in San Diego, 2008. Available online: https:\/\/www.dvm360.com\/view\/common-parasitic-diseases-reptiles-amphibians-proceedings."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00362975","article-title":"Eine einfache Technik der Blutentnahme beim Frosch","volume":"269","year":"1959","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Dacie, S.J., and Lewis, S.M. (1995). Practical Haematology, Churchill & Livingstone. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2006.10.006","article-title":"Cytologic diagnosis of disease in amphibians","volume":"10","author":"Pessier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60184-0","article-title":"The trypanosomes of anura","volume":"11","author":"Bardsley","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1964.tb01792.x","article-title":"The Genus Dactylosoma","volume":"11","author":"Manwell","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2307\/3283781","article-title":"The genus Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa: Adeleina)","volume":"82","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[0152:TBPOAF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The blood parasites of anurans from Costa Rica with reflections on the taxonomy of their trypanosomes","volume":"87","author":"Desser","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/13921657.2002.10512506","article-title":"The First Data on the Fauna and Distribution of Blood Parasites of Amphibians in Lithuania","volume":"12","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Zool. Litu."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2307\/3284227","article-title":"Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited","volume":"83","author":"Bush","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"245","article-title":"Bone and individual aging","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Hall","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bone Growth"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"5","article-title":"Review: Skeletochronological assessment of demographic life-history traits in amphibians","volume":"25","author":"Sinsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Herpetol. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.22.653","article-title":"A skeletochronological study on a subtropical, riparian ranid (Rana swinhoana) from different elevations in Taiwan","volume":"22","author":"Lai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zool. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"181","article-title":"A quantitative theory of organic growth (Inquires on growth laws. II)","volume":"10","year":"1938","journal-title":"Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1163\/017353710X518405","article-title":"Comparing three body condition indices in amphibians: A case study of yellow-bellied toad Bombina variegata","volume":"31","author":"Hartel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Amphib. Reptil."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"33","article-title":"Primeros registros de endopar\u00e1sitos en cinco especies de anfibios anuros del litoral argentino","volume":"23","author":"Lajmanovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cuad. herpetol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20201703","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202120201703","article-title":"Effects of the habitat on anuran blood parasites in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon","volume":"93","author":"Pinho","year":"2021","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850568","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/850568","article-title":"Pathological study of blood parasites in rice field frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Wiegmann, 1834)","volume":"2011","author":"Sailasuta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761971000300002","article-title":"Lankesterella alencari n. sp., a toxoplasma-like organism in the central nervous system of Amphibia (Protozoa, Sporozoa)","volume":"69","author":"Pereira","year":"1971","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-022-00624-3","article-title":"Diversity of Haemogregarine Parasites Infecting Brazilian Anurans, with a Description of New Species of Dactylosoma (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina: Dactylosomatidae)","volume":"67","author":"Netherlands","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-009-0914-8","article-title":"Effects of chytridiomycosis on circulating white blood cell distributions of bullfrog larvae (Rana catesbeiana)","volume":"19","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Path."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.2316-9079.v15i1p43-50","article-title":"First report of Lernaea cyprinacea (Copepoda: Lernaeidae) in tadpoles and newly-metamorphosed frogs in wild populations of Lithobates catesbeianus (Anura: Ranidae) in Argentina","volume":"15","author":"Salinas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phyllomedusa"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200008149X","article-title":"Physiological and behaviour changes in common lizards parasitized by haemogregarines","volume":"113","author":"Oppliger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-007-0328-x","article-title":"Parasites and health affect multiple sexual signals in male common wall lizards, Podarcis muralis","volume":"95","author":"Amo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1139\/z06-044","article-title":"Do parasites matter? Assessing the fitness consequences of haemogregarine infection in snakes","volume":"84","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000054524","article-title":"The infrapopulation dynamics of trypanosomes in red-spotted newts","volume":"88","author":"Mock","year":"1984","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"209","article-title":"Hematophagous insects as vectors for frog trypanosomes","volume":"25","author":"Ramos","year":"1977","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3390\/insects3020410","article-title":"Reciprocal trophic interactions and transmission of blood parasites between mosquitoes and frogs","volume":"3","author":"Ferguson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/btp.12928","article-title":"Midges not only sucks, but may carry lethal pathogens to wild amphibians","volume":"53","author":"Toledo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/ens.12455","article-title":"Within host acoustic signal preference of frog-biting mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and midges (Diptera: Corethrellidae) on Iriomote Island, Japan","volume":"24","author":"Legett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Entomol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/22\/3566\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:25:21Z","timestamp":1760131521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/22\/3566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13223566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13223566","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]]}}}