{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:52:43Z","timestamp":1784181163280,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK)","award":["FKZ 16KN077302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 16KN077302"]}]},{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","award":["FKZ 16KN077302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 16KN077302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of sensors to analyze behavior in sheep has gained increasing attention in scientific research. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the sensors developed and used to detect rumination behavior in sheep in scientific research. Moreover, this overview provides details of the sensors that are currently commercially available and describes their suitability for sheep based on the information provided in the literature found. Furthermore, this overview lists the best sensor performances in terms of achieved accuracy, sensitivity, precision, and specificity in rumination detection, detailing, when applicable, the sensor position and epoch settings that were used to achieve the best results. Challenges and areas for future research and development are also identified. A search strategy was implemented in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Livivo, yielding a total of 935 articles. After reviewing the summaries of 57 articles remaining following filtration (exclusion) of repeated and unsuitable articles, 17 articles fully met the pre-established criteria (peer-reviewed; published between 2012 and 2023 in English or German; with a particular focus on sensors detecting rumination in sheep) and were included in this review. The guidelines outlined in the PRISMA 2020 methodology were followed. The results indicate that sensor-based systems have been utilized to monitor and analyze rumination behavior, among other behaviors. Notably, none of the sensors identified in this review were specifically designed for sheep. In order to meet the specific needs of sheep, a customized sensor solution is necessary. Additionally, further investigation of the optimal sensor position and epoch settings is necessary. Implications: The utilization of such sensors has significant implications for improving sheep welfare and enhancing our knowledge of their behavior in various contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13243756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T08:09:17Z","timestamp":1701763757000},"page":"3756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Rumination Detection in Sheep: A Systematic Review of Sensor-Based Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Stephanie Janet","family":"Schneidewind","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour and Laboratory Animal Science, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Rabih","family":"Al Merestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Engineering, Albrecht Daniel Thaer Institute for Agriculture, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BITSz Electronics GmbH, 08060 Zwickau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuvisan ICB GmbH, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0782-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christa","family":"Th\u00f6ne-Reineke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour and Laboratory Animal Science, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1934-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mechthild","family":"Wiegard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour and Laboratory Animal Science, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2010.04.018","article-title":"Diagnostic significance of behaviour changes of sheep: A selected review","volume":"92","author":"Gougoulis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small Rumin. 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