{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:50:40Z","timestamp":1788414640602,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]],"date-time":"2023-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In clinical veterinary practice, proper training and expertise in anesthesia administration and monitoring are essential. Pigs are suitable experimental animals for many surgical techniques because they are similar in size to humans and have a short reproductive cycle. This makes them ideal for research concerning organ transplantation, cardiovascular surgery, and other procedures that require a large animal model. Sedation and premedication should be administered at the lowest dose to be effective with predictable results and reduced adverse effects, to ensure the safety of both the animal and the team involved in the procedure, with a fast onset and optimizing the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. The goal of induction is to achieve a safe and effective level of anesthesia that ensures patient safety and facilitates research. Most of the time, inhalation anesthesia with endotracheal intubation is the ideal choice for maintenance of anesthesia. The difficulties related to endotracheal intubation of pigs can be overcome by knowing the anatomical peculiarities. Effective analgesia tailored to the specific procedure, the pig\u2019s condition, and individual responses to medications should complete the maintenance and recovery protocols, reducing perioperative complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13243807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T11:24:43Z","timestamp":1702293883000},"page":"3807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Pig Sedation and Anesthesia for Medical Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2519-9787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruxandra","family":"Costea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 011464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana","family":"Ene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 011464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruxandra","family":"Pavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 011464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Flecknell, P. (2015). Laboratory Animal Anaesthesia, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475x.2001.00066.x","article-title":"The Pig as a Model for Human Wound Healing","volume":"9","author":"Sullivan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kuzmuk, K.N., and Schook, L.B. (2011). The Genetics of the Pig, CABI."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd5758","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd5758","article-title":"Importance of the Pig as a Human Biomedical Model","volume":"13","author":"Lunney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1258\/002367799780578282","article-title":"A New Porcine Model of Reperfusion Injury after Lung Transplantation","volume":"33","author":"Clark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.47.4.358","article-title":"Preparation of swine for the laboratory","volume":"47","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"15","article-title":"Minimizing Stress in Pig Handling in the Research Lab","volume":"15","author":"Grandin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lab Anim."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"35","article-title":"Review of practices reported for preoperative food and water restriction of laboratory pigs (Sus scrofa)","volume":"55","author":"Bradbury","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Anderson, D.E., and Mulon, P.Y. (2019). Diseases of Swine, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"375","article-title":"Digestive System of the Pig: Anatomy and Function","volume":"23","author":"DeRouchey","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Am. Vet. Commun. Conf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, H. (2022). Farm Animal Anesthesia: Cattle, Small Ruminants, Camelids, and Pigs, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119672661"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2065-1295","article-title":"Anesthesia Complications Related to Swine Experimental Invasive Surgical Procedures","volume":"65","author":"Costea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Works. Ser. C Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00204","article-title":"The ASA Physical Status Classification: What Is the Evidence for Recommending Its Use in Veterinary Anesthesia?\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Portier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2005.07.012","article-title":"General Handling and Anesthesia for Experimental Surgery in Pigs","volume":"130","author":"Kaiser","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, A.C., Ehler, W.J., and Swindle, M.M. (1997). Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012417570-9\/50017-9"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Hedenqvist, P. (2021). Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"21","article-title":"Baseline Hemodynamics in Anesthetized Landrace\u2013Large White Swine: Reference Values for Research in Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Models","volume":"46","author":"Xanthos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Dyce, K.M., Sack, W.O., and Wensing, C.J.G. (2002). Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, Saunders Company."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Singh, B. (2018). Dyce, Sack, and Wensing\u2019s Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, Saunders."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.1990","article-title":"Use of a eutectic mixture of lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5% as a local anesthetic in animals","volume":"226","author":"Erkert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swindle, M.M. (2007). Swine in the Laboratory: Surgery, Anesthesia, Imaging, and Experimental Techniques, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420009156"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.29.1.34","article-title":"Practical Sedation and Anaesthesia in Pigs","volume":"29","author":"Hodgkinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Practice"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Swindle, M.M., Sistino, J.J., and Perioperative Care (2015). Swine in the Laboratory: Surgery, Anesthesia, Imaging, and Experimental Techniques, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Clarke, K.W., and Trim, C.M. (2013). Veterinary Anaesthesia E-Book, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Costea, R. (2017). Anestezologie, Printech."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"151","article-title":"Multimodal Approach to Surgical Pain Management in Weaner Pigs: A Clinical Trial","volume":"70","author":"Sogebi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alex. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bollen, P.J., Hansen, A.K., and Alstrup, A.K.O. (2010). The Laboratory Swine, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439815304"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1101","article-title":"Azaperone and its association with xylazine or dexmedetomidine in pigs","volume":"39","author":"Tavares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Rural"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281\/a000140","article-title":"Piglet Castration by Injection Anaesthesia: Experience with the Azaperone, Butorphanol and Ketamine Combination","volume":"153","author":"Nussbaumer","year":"2011","journal-title":"SAT Schweiz. Arch. F\u00fcr Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)31206-8","article-title":"Preanesthetic medications in ruminants and swine","volume":"2","author":"Short","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.06.008","article-title":"The Use of Alfaxalone for Premedication, Induction and Maintenance of Anaesthesia in Pigs: A Pilot Study","volume":"44","author":"Bigby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.953","article-title":"Long Duration Anaesthesia in Pigs with an Infusion of Alfaxalone and Dexmedetomidine","volume":"8","author":"Kat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"58","article-title":"Anesthesia in Ruminants and Swine","volume":"3","author":"Thurmon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr. Vet. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.54.1237","article-title":"Antagonism of Medetomidine Sedation by Atipamezole in Pigs","volume":"54","author":"Nishimura","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Gruen, M.E., Sherman, B.L., and Papich, M.G. (2018). Drugs Affecting Animal Behavior, John Willey & Sons."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, H. (2022). Farm Animal Anesthesia, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119672661"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Golan, D.E., Tashjian, A.H., and Armstrong, E.J. (2011). Principles of Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2754\/avb202190010047","article-title":"The Effects of Buccal Administration of Azaperone on the Sedation Level and Biochemical Variables of Weaned Piglets","volume":"90","author":"Svoboda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.17221\/21\/2023-VETMED","article-title":"Efficacy of the Intranasal Application of Azaperone for Sedation in Weaned Piglets","volume":"68","author":"Svoboda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Swine, L.M. (2015). Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: The Fifth Edition of Lumb and Jones, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30392-3","article-title":"General Anesthetic Techniques in Swine","volume":"12","author":"Moon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"195","article-title":"Acepromazine and Droperidol Inhibition of Halothane-Induced Malignant Hyperthermia (Porcine Stress Syndrome) in Swine","volume":"42","author":"McGrath","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1258\/002367700780578073","article-title":"Intranasal Midazolam in Piglets: Pharmacodynamics (0.2 vs. 0.4 mg\/kg) and Pharmacokinetics (0.4 mg\/kg) with Bioavailability Determination","volume":"34","author":"Lacoste","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza Dantas, L.M., and Crowell-Davis, S.L. (2019). Veterinary Psychopharmacology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119226253"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.10-0501","article-title":"Anesthesia of Growing Pigs with Tiletamine-Zolazepam and Reversal with Flumazenil","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Tranquili, W.J., Thurmon, J.C., and Grimm, K.A. (2007). Lumb and Jones\u2019 Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, Blackwell Publishing. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Riebold, T., Geiser, D., and Goble, D.O. (1995). Large Animal Anesthesia, Iowa State University Press."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.04.529","article-title":"Anesthesia Induced in Pigs by Use of a Combination of Medetomidine, Butorphanol, and Ketamine and Its Reversal by Administration of Atipamezole","volume":"57","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2005.36554","article-title":"The use of a medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine combination to enable blood sampling in young pigs","volume":"53","author":"Ugarte","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281\/a000532","article-title":"Racemic Ketamine in Comparison to S-Ketamine in Combination with Azaperone and Butorphanol for Castration of Pigs","volume":"155","author":"Stauffer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Lester, P.A., Moore, R.M., Shuster, K.A., and Myers, D.D. (2012). The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2006.00798.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Tiletamine and Zolazepam (Telazol\u00ae) in Anesthetized Pigs","volume":"29","author":"Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00309","article-title":"Butorphanol induces anxiety-like behaviour and distress in piglets","volume":"163","author":"Pavlovsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. F\u00fcr Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viscardi, A.V., and Turner, P.V. (2018). Efficacy of buprenorphine for management of surgical castration pain in piglets. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1643-5"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"17","article-title":"Antinociceptive activity of and clinical experience with buprenorphine in swine","volume":"40","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.09.002","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of transdermal fentanyl and buprenorphine in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus)","volume":"44","author":"Lujan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1258\/002367706775404453","article-title":"Effects of epidural morphine and transdermal fentanyl analgesia on physiology and behaviour after abdominal surgery in pigs","volume":"40","author":"Malavasi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.153.20.627","article-title":"Induction of Anaesthesia in Pigs Using a New Alphaxalone Formulation","volume":"153","author":"Keates","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12259","article-title":"Effects of Intramuscular Dexmedetomidine in Combination with Ketamine or Alfaxalone in Swine","volume":"43","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-020-0512-y","article-title":"A Comparison of Respiratory Function in Pigs Anaesthetised by Propofol or Alfaxalone in Combination with Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine","volume":"62","author":"Lervik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"306","article-title":"Lidocaine Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity in Newborn Pigs","volume":"85","author":"Satas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romera, A., Cebollero, M., Romero-G\u00f3mez, B., Carricondo, F., Zapatero, S., Garc\u00eda-Aldao, U., Mart\u00edn-Albo, L., Ortega, J., Vara, E., and Garutti, I. (2021). Effect of intravenous lidocaine on inflammatory and apoptotic response of ischemia-reperfusion injury in pigs undergoing lung resection surgery. BioMed Res. Int., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6630232"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000360","article-title":"Intravenous lidocaine decreases tumor necrosis factor alpha expression both locally and systemically in pigs undergoing lung resection surgery","volume":"119","author":"Garutti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13120","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Intramuscular Maropitant in Pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus)","volume":"46","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"41","article-title":"Spotlight on the perioperative use of maropitant citrate","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew019","article-title":"Are neuromuscular blocking agents being misused in laboratory pigs?","volume":"116","author":"Bradbury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-022-00658-7","article-title":"Comparison of the neuromuscular effects of two infusion rates of rocuronium in anesthetized pigs","volume":"64","author":"Pedersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00101-014-2371-2","article-title":"Anesthesia in Swine","volume":"64","author":"Dietrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaesthesist"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"00031","article-title":"Ketofol: A Combination of Ketamine and Propofol","volume":"1","author":"Amornyotin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anesth. Crit. Care Open Access"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/laban.158","article-title":"Endotracheal Intubation in Swine","volume":"41","author":"Chum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirra, A., Spadavecchia, C., and Micieli, F. (2022). Intubation in Swine: What Recumbency to Choose?. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12182430"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.08.047","article-title":"Fatal upper airway obstruction in a pig after general anaesthesia","volume":"49","author":"Mirra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0393","article-title":"The Use of a Plastic Guide Improves the Safety and Reduces the Duration of Endotracheal Intubation in the Pig","volume":"76","author":"Janiszewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1258\/la.2012.012032","article-title":"Laryngeal Perforation during a Standard Intubation Procedure in a Pig","volume":"46","author":"Steinbacher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000040","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreccr-2013-000040","article-title":"The use of bougie-guided insertion of a laryngeal mask airway device in neonatal piglets after unexpected complications","volume":"2","author":"Morath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Rec. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beths, T. (2017). TIVA\/TCI in Veterinary Practice. Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Target Controlled Infusions: A Comprehensive Global Anthology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47609-4_31"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"503","article-title":"Inhalatory anaesthesia in pigs for laparascopic surgery","volume":"52","author":"Costea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lucr. \u0218tiin\u021bifice Med. Vet. Univ. \u0218tiin\u021be Agric. \u0218i Med. Vet. Ion Ionescu Brad Ia\u0219i"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-015-0310-1","article-title":"Malignant Hyperthermia: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Suckow, M.A., Stevens, K.A., and Wilson, R.P. (2012). The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bindu, S., Mazumder, S., and Bandyopadhyay, U. (2020). Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Organ Damage: A Current Perspective. Biochem. Pharmacol., 180.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114147"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4260","article-title":"The Physiological and Behavioral Response of Pigs Castrated with and without Anesthesia or Analgesia","volume":"90","author":"Sutherland","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/089875641403100205","article-title":"Duration of Action of Bupivacaine Hydrochloride Used for Palatal Sensory Nerve Block in Infant Pigs","volume":"31","author":"Holman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"65","article-title":"Crystalloids\/Colloids Ratio for Fluid Resuscitation during Anesthesia","volume":"63","author":"Costea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Works. Ser. C Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1258\/la.2007.006048","article-title":"Changes in Minimal Alveolar Concentration of Isoflurane Following Treatment with Medetomidine and Tiletamine\/Zolazepam, Epidural Morphine or Systemic Buprenorphine in Pigs","volume":"42","author":"Malavasi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/00003643-200000002-00183","article-title":"Influence of Sepsis on Sevoflurane (SEV) Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) in a Swine Model","volume":"17","author":"Allaouchiche","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. EJA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirra, A., Gamez Maidanskaia, E., Carmo, L.P., Levionnois, O., and Spadavecchia, C. (2023). How is depth of anaesthesia assessed in experimental pigs? A scoping review. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283511"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12707","article-title":"Neuromuscular block monitoring after the administration of 1 mg\/kg intravenous cisatracurium in the anaesthetized pig","volume":"42","author":"Aguilar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2021.08.007","article-title":"Miniature Companion Pig Sedation and Anesthesia","volume":"25","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Lin, H. (2015). Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: The Fifth Edition of Lumb and Jones, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200303000-00018","article-title":"Vasopressin, but Not Fluid Resuscitation, Enhances Survival in a Liver Trauma Model with Uncontrolled and Otherwise Lethal Hemorrhagic Shock in Pigs","volume":"98","author":"Stadlbauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3109\/08941939.2012.693149","article-title":"Best Practices for Performing Experimental Surgery in Swine","volume":"26","author":"Swindle","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Surg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.30574\/wjbphs.2023.13.1.0021","article-title":"A Review on Malignant Hyperthermia: Epidemiology, Etiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Clinical Management and Treatment Modalities","volume":"13","author":"Tanwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Pharm. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.203.06.0842","article-title":"Use of a DNA-Based Test for the Mutation Associated with Porcine Stress Syndrome (Malignant Hyperthermia) in 10,000 Breeding Swine","volume":"203","author":"Shen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(92)91281-T","article-title":"Dantrolene and Azumolene Inhibit [3H] PN200-110 Binding to Porcine Skeletal Muscle Dihydropyridine Receptors","volume":"187","author":"Parness","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0556.x","article-title":"Intravenous Administration of Azumolene to Reverse Malignant Hyperthermia in Swine","volume":"24","author":"Trachez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e3283439545","article-title":"Comparison of the Therapeutic Effectiveness of a Dantrolene Sodium Solution and a Novel Nanocrystalline Suspension of Dantrolene Sodium in Malignant Hyperthermia Normal and Susceptible Pigs","volume":"28","author":"Becker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. EJA"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000179445.76729.2c","article-title":"Mild Hypothermia Improves Survival after Prolonged, Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock in Pigs","volume":"59","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Couto, M., and Cates, C. (2019). Vertebrate Embryogenesis: Embryological, Cellular, and Genetic Methods, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hubrecht, R.C., and Carter, E. (2019). The 3Rs and Humane Experimental Technique: Implementing Change. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9100754"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/24\/3807\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:36:13Z","timestamp":1760132173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/24\/3807"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13243807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13243807","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]]}}}