{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:56:39Z","timestamp":1780545399258,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When using chickens in animal studies, the handling of these animals for sample collection or general examinations is considered stressful due to their prey nature. For the study presented here, plasma and salivary corticosterone as well as New Area Test behavior and fecal output were used to evaluate whether it is possible to influence this stress perception using a three-week clicker training program. The results indicate that clicker training seems to be a suitable refinement measure in the sense of cognitive enrichment for the husbandry of this species. However, since it was also shown that three-week training was not sufficient to sustainably reduce the stress perception with regard to prolonged stressor exposure, and since it was also evident that manipulations such as routine blood sampling are perceived as less stressful than assumed, further studies with prolonged training intervals and situations with higher stressor potential are warranted. Also, further parameters for training assessment must be considered. For the general use of training as a supportive measure in animal experiments, its proportionality must be considered, particularly considering the expected stress and adequate training time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13243836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T04:14:42Z","timestamp":1702440882000},"page":"3836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clicker Training as an Applied Refinement Measure in Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gordon","family":"M\u00e4hlis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, K\u00f6nigsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Kleine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Poultry, Farm Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, K\u00f6nigsweg 63, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00f6rte","family":"L\u00fcschow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Poultry, Farm Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, K\u00f6nigsweg 63, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1280-6138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Bartel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, K\u00f6nigsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1934-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mechthild","family":"Wiegard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, K\u00f6nigsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Thoene-Reineke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, K\u00f6nigsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"398","article-title":"The 3R principle: 60 years taken well. 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