{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T09:20:31Z","timestamp":1770888031939,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,17]],"date-time":"2023-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Increasing the impact of excellence research on the capacity for innovation and technology transfer within USAMVB Timi\u0219oara","award":["6PFE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6PFE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anencephaly, a severe neural tube defect characterized by the absence of major parts of the brain and skull, is a rare congenital disorder that has been observed in various species, including cats. Considering the uncommon appearance of anencephaly, this paper aims to present anencephaly in a stillborn male kitten from an accidental inbreeding using various paraclinical methods. Histological examination of tissue samples from the cranial region, where parts of the skull were absent, revealed the presence of atypical nerve tissue with neurons and glial cells organized in clusters, surrounded by an extracellular matrix and with an abundance of blood vessels, which are large, dilated, and filled with blood, not characteristic of nerve tissue structure. In CT scans, the caudal part of the frontal bone, the fronto-temporal limits, and the parietal bone were observed to be missing. CT also revealed that the dorsal tubercle of the atlas, the dorsal neural arch, and the spinal process of the C2\u2013C7 bones were missing. In conclusion, the kitten was affected by multiple congenital malformations, a combination of exencephaly\u2013anencephaly, maxillary brachygnathism, closed cranial spina bifida at the level of cervical vertebrae, kyphoscoliosis, palatoschisis, and partial intestinal atresia. The importance of employing imaging techniques cannot be overstated when it comes to the accurate diagnosis of neural tube defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13243882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T08:55:29Z","timestamp":1702889729000},"page":"3882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exencephaly\u2013Anencephaly Sequence Associated with Maxillary Brachygnathia, Spinal Defects, and Palatoschisis in a Male Domestic Cat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Simona","family":"Marc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Savici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Sicoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oana Maria","family":"Boldura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5570-8418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering of Organic and Natural Compounds, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timisoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Otav\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1848","article-title":"Comparison of inherited neural tube defects in companion animals and livestock","volume":"113","author":"Zarzycki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Keith, B. (2010). Essentials of Domestic Animal Embryology, Saunders Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.21085","article-title":"Comparative analysis of neurulation: First impressions do not count","volume":"76","author":"Harrington","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1380","article-title":"Overview on neural tube defects: From development to physical characteristics","volume":"111","author":"Avagliano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"S5","article-title":"Classification, clinical features, and genetics of neural tube defects","volume":"35","author":"Salih","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"506","article-title":"Multiple sites of anterior neural tube closure in humans: Evidence from anterior neural tube defects (anencephaly)","volume":"95","author":"Golden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.176","article-title":"Exencephaly-anencephaly Sequence","volume":"223","author":"Monteagudo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"60","article-title":"Anencephaly in calves","volume":"68","author":"Cho","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cornell Vet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2004.02.005","article-title":"Congenital defects of the ruminant nervous system","volume":"20","author":"Washburn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms1939.48.595","article-title":"Anencephaly and Other Congenital Defects in a Calf","volume":"48","author":"Hiraga","year":"1986","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"273","article-title":"Anencephaly in sheep","volume":"62","author":"Dennis","year":"1972","journal-title":"Cornell Vet."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"569","article-title":"Ultrasound Diagnosis of Anencephaly in the Fetus of a Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops aduncas)","volume":"25","author":"Brook","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balseiro, A., Polledo, L., Tu\u00f1\u00f3n, J., and Garc\u00eda Mar\u00edn, J.F. (2022). Anencephaly and Severe Myelodysplasia in a Stillborn Brown Bear (Ursus arctos arctos). Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12182345"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810371306","article-title":"Anencephaly in a German Shepherd Dog","volume":"47","author":"Huisinga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.9790\/2380-0909021820","article-title":"Anencephaly associated with cleft palate in a Bull Terrier litter: Case report","volume":"9","author":"Luz","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOSR J. Agric. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12949","article-title":"Neural tube defects in four Shetland sheepdog puppies: Clinical characterisation and computed tomography investigation","volume":"98","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13652","article-title":"Presence of congenital anomalies in three dog litters","volume":"55","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nonato, I.d.A., Teixeira, M.R., de Miranda, J.L., Bressan Braz, H.M., and Machado, J.P. (2019). Cranioschisis and Anencephaly in a Dog\u2014Challenging etiology. Acta Sci. Vet., 47.","DOI":"10.22456\/1679-9216.97585"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yava\u015f, \u00d6., Yava\u015f, S.E., Ba\u015fAr, D., Avci, Z., Sari\u00e7etin, A., Yildiz, E.R., Ersoy, S., and \u00d6zyi\u011fit, \u00d6. (2023). Anencephaly, Bifid Tongue, and Cleft Palate in a Pomeranian Dog: GFAP and NeuN Immunoreactivities. Ank. \u00dcniv. Vet. Fak\u00fcltesi Derg., 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.33988\/auvfd.1141283"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2010.01610.x","article-title":"Dystocia and Fetotomy Associated with Cerebral Aplasia in a Greater One-horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)","volume":"46","author":"Schaftenaar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062012-170354","article-title":"Neural Tube Defects","volume":"37","author":"Greene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.17221\/68\/2020-VETMED","article-title":"Closed spinal dysraphism in a 6-month-old mixed breed dog","volume":"66","author":"Franco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.05.009","article-title":"Congenital Spinal Malformations in Small Animals","volume":"40","author":"Westworth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-018-0598-1","article-title":"Malformed vertebrae: A clinical and imaging review","volume":"9","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.34","article-title":"Scoliosis and segmentation defects of the vertebrae","volume":"1","author":"Eckalbar","year":"2012","journal-title":"WIREs Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.05.011","article-title":"Vertebrate Segmentation: From Cyclic Gene Networks to Scoliosis","volume":"145","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-015-0177-0","article-title":"Phenotypic classification of variability of non-syndromic congenital cleft lip and jaw in Vorderwald \u00d7 Montb\u00e9liarde cattle","volume":"57","author":"Reinartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.06.032","article-title":"Right-sided cleft lip and jaw in a family of Vorderwald \u00d7 Montb\u00e9liarde cattle","volume":"192","author":"Lupp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"756","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of horses and foals diagnosed with cleft palate in a referral population: 28 cases (1988\u20132011)","volume":"56","author":"Shaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20551169221082556","DOI":"10.1177\/20551169221082556","article-title":"Surgically treated congenital cleft palate in a 4-month-old kitten: Medium-term clinical and CT assessment","volume":"8","author":"Garnier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg. Open Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"8365","article-title":"Cleft palate in lions of one litter","volume":"134","author":"Henschele","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"785","article-title":"Histologic investigation of cleft palate in tiger, dog and man","volume":"34","author":"Scott","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMichael, L., McLean, J., Taylor, J., Martinez, Y., and Meers, J. (2023). Cleft Palate Syndrome in the Endangered Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus): Implications for Conservation and Comparative Research. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10010038"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"891","article-title":"Iniencephaly: A Report of 19 Cases","volume":"35","author":"Halder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/8756479310386486","article-title":"Anencephaly","volume":"26","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Diagn. Med. Sonogr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20551169221098940","DOI":"10.1177\/20551169221098940","article-title":"Polysulfone tailor-made implant for the surgical correction of a frontoparietal meningoencephalocoele in a cat","volume":"8","author":"Pumarola","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg. Open Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110173","article-title":"Hereditary meningoencephalocele in Burmese cats","volume":"77","author":"Sponenberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055116920924307","DOI":"10.1177\/2055116920924307","article-title":"Limited dorsal myeloschisis in three cats: A distinctive form of neural tube defect","volume":"6","author":"Butterfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg. Open Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2015.11.015","article-title":"Aristaless-Like Homeobox protein 1 (ALX1) variant associated with craniofacial structure and frontonasal dysplasia in Burmese cats","volume":"409","author":"Lyons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Muennich, A. (2014, January 2\u20134). Congenital and hereditary diseases to be diagnosed in the kitten. Proceedings of the XIII Congreso de Especialidades Veterinarias, Bilbao, Spain."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-4520.2006.00104.x","article-title":"Etiology, pathogenesis and prevention of neural tube defects","volume":"46","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Congenit. Anom."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn262","article-title":"Gene\u2013environment interactions in the causation of neural tube defects: Folate deficiency increases susceptibility conferred by loss of Pax3 function","volume":"17","author":"Burren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"6","article-title":"Association between MTHFR gene polymorphism and NTDs in Chinese Han population","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.111088","article-title":"Bringing clarity to the role of MTHFR variants in neural tube defect prevention2","volume":"101","author":"Stover","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211199110","article-title":"Deletion of Mthfd1l causes embryonic lethality and neural tube and craniofacial defects in mice","volume":"110","author":"Momb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4158","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.12.4158-4166.2002","article-title":"Mitochondrial NAD-Dependent Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase-Methenyltetrahydrofolate Cyclohydrolase Is Essential for Embryonic Development","volume":"22","author":"Sirois","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr585","article-title":"Mutations in genes encoding the glycine cleavage system predispose to neural tube defects in mice and humans","volume":"21","author":"Narisawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pangilinan, F., Molloy, A.M., Mills, J.L., Troendle, J.F., Parle-McDermott, A., Signore, C., O\u2019Leary, V.B., Chines, P., Seay, J.M., and Geiler-Samerotte, K. (2012). Evaluation of common genetic variants in 82 candidate genes as risk factors for neural tube defects. BMC Med. Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-13-62"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/13861","article-title":"Mice lacking the folic acid-binding protein Folbp1 are defective in early embryonic development","volume":"23","author":"Piedrahita","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw, G.M., Lu, W., Zhu, H., Yang, W., Briggs, F.B.S., Carmichael, S.L., Barcellos, L.F., Lammer, E.J., and Finnell, R.H. (2009). 118 SNPs of folate-related genes and risks of spina bifida and conotruncal heart defects. BMC Med. Genet., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-10-49"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81656-6","article-title":"DNA Methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b Are Essential for De Novo Methylation and Mammalian Development","volume":"99","author":"Okano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2011.01.001","article-title":"Fbxl10\/Kdm2b deficiency accelerates neural progenitor cell death and leads to exencephaly","volume":"46","author":"Fukuda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.10.024","article-title":"Histone Deacetylase 4 Controls Chondrocyte Hypertrophy during Skeletogenesis","volume":"119","author":"Vega","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-022-06584-3","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of acrania\/exencephaly\/anencephaly sequence (AEAS): Additional structural and genetic anomalies","volume":"307","author":"Bijok","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj101","article-title":"Neural Tube Defects and Maternal Residential Proximity to Agricultural Pesticide Applications","volume":"163","author":"Rull","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"9","article-title":"Anencephaly and residence near textile industries: An epidemiological case-control study in South America","volume":"19","author":"Baldo","year":"2008","journal-title":"BAG J. Basic Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106425","article-title":"Total mercury concentration in placental tissue, a good biomarker of prenatal mercury exposure, is associated with risk for neural tube defects in offspring","volume":"150","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(98)00021-5","article-title":"An assessment of the developmental toxicity of inorganic arsenic 11Armand Lione, Ph.D., served as guest editor for this submission","volume":"12","author":"DeSesso","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(81)90071-X","article-title":"Arsenic-induced axial skeletal (dysraphic) disorders","volume":"34","author":"Willhite","year":"1981","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3109\/00016347809154901","article-title":"Hypervitaminosis a in early human pregnancy and malformations of the central nervous system","volume":"57","author":"Eriksson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198502000-00022","article-title":"Heat- and Alcohol-Induced Neural Tube Defects: Interactions with Folate in a Golden Hamster Model","volume":"19","author":"Graham","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718823037","article-title":"Imaging and genetic investigations of neural tube defect in a calf: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Cagnotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70110-8","article-title":"Neural tube defects: Recent advances, unsolved questions, and controversies","volume":"12","author":"Copp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13292","article-title":"Folic acid supplementation does not decrease stillbirths and congenital malformations in a guide dog colony","volume":"62","author":"Gonzales","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2478\/pjvs-2013-0005","article-title":"Oral folic acid supplementation decreases palate and\/or lip cleft occurrence in Pug and Chihuahua puppies and elevates folic acid blood levels in pregnant bitches","volume":"16","author":"Jurczak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaganjor, I., Sekkarie, A., Tsang, B.L., Williams, J., Razzaghi, H., Mulinare, J., Sniezek, J.E., Cannon, M.J., and Rosenthal, J. (2016). Describing the Prevalence of Neural Tube Defects Worldwide: A Systematic Literature Review. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151586"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1159\/000314051","article-title":"Prognostic Factors in Patients with Occipital Encephalocele","volume":"46","author":"Demir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zada, G., Lopes, M.B.S., Mukundan, S., and Laws, E.R. (2016). Atlas of Sellar and Parasellar Lesions: Clinical, Radiologic, and Pathologic Correlations, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22855-6"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2016.04.002","article-title":"Giant occipital meningohydroencephalocele in an adult: Another historical case in neural tube defects","volume":"62","author":"Coulibaly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719827626","article-title":"Dermoid sinus type VI associated with spina bifida and tethered cord syndrome in a French Bulldog","volume":"31","author":"Kopke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2011.01062.x","article-title":"Dermoid sinus and spina bifida in three dogs and a cat","volume":"52","author":"Kiviranta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849025","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.849025","article-title":"Case Report: Surgical Treatment of Type IV Spinal Dermoid Sinus in a Shiba Inu","volume":"9","author":"Takahashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf, Z.T., Brand, H.A., Shaffer, J.R., Leslie, E.J., Arzi, B., Willet, C.E., Cox, T.C., McHenry, T., Narayan, N., and Feingold, E. (2015). Genome-Wide Association Studies in Dogs and Humans Identify ADAMTS20 as a Risk Variant for Cleft Lip and Palate. PLoS Genet., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005059"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20430","article-title":"Mouse genetic models of cleft lip with or without cleft palate","volume":"82","author":"Juriloff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebuijs, I.G.E., Raterman, S.T., Metz, J.R., Swanenberg, L., Zethof, J., Van den Bos, R., Carels, C.E.L., Wagener, F.A.D.T.G., and Von den Hoff, J.W. (2019). Fgf8a mutation affects craniofacial development and skeletal gene expression in zebrafish larvae. Biol. Open, 8.","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.039834"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moura, E., and Pimp\u00e3o, C.T. (2017). Cleft Lip and Palate in the Dog: Medical and Genetic Aspects, InTech Open.","DOI":"10.5772\/67049"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"5","article-title":"Cleft palate in the domestic dog Canis Lupus Familiaris\u2014Etiology, pathophtsiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Lobodzinska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Zootech."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"22","article-title":"Embryological development of gastrointestinal tract in animals","volume":"3","author":"Mahajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Sci. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Bhatia, A., Shatanof, R.A., and Bordoni, B. (2023). Embryology, Gastrointestinal, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810383872","article-title":"Intestinal Atresia and Ectopia in a Bovine Fetus","volume":"48","author":"Lejeune","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-200002000-00012","article-title":"Congenital scoliosis","volume":"12","author":"Jaskwhich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2570-y","article-title":"Congenital costo-vertebral fibrous band and congenital kyphoscoliosis: A previously unreported combination","volume":"22","author":"Eid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.01.018","article-title":"Prevalence of thoracic vertebral malformations in French bulldogs, Pugs and English bulldogs with and without associated neurological deficits","volume":"221","author":"Ryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.11.005","article-title":"Surgical management of vertebral malformation in a Manx cat","volume":"11","author":"Havlicek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inglez de Souza, M.C.C.M., Ryan, R., ter Haar, G., Packer, R.M.A., Volk, H.A., and De Decker, S. (2018). Evaluation of the influence of kyphosis and scoliosis on intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1316-9"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/24\/3882\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:40:24Z","timestamp":1760132424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/24\/3882"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,17]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13243882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13243882","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,17]]}}}