{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:53:52Z","timestamp":1793321632153,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Oceanogr\u00e0fic","award":["OCE-22-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCE-22-19"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Oceanogr\u00e0fic","award":["83 631-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["83 631-2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Elasmobranchs currently constitute an important part of the animal collection of many aquariums worldwide. Their maintenance under human care has allowed us to describe and identify new pathogens and diseases affecting them, as well as to determine different treatments for these diseases. Great advances in elasmobranch husbandry have been developed. Methods: A search was performed on scientific databases as PubMed and other specialized sources (IAAAM archive). Results: Little information on pharmacotherapeutics is available in this taxonomic group, and treatments lack a scientific base and instead are frequently dependent on empirical knowledge. Pharmacokinetic studies are the first step to determining therapeutic protocols that are safe and effective. The available bibliography shows that a majority of the mycoses recorded in cartilaginous fish are severe, aggravated by the fact that the antifungal treatments administered, following the guidelines used for teleost species, are ineffective in elasmobranchs. Azoles appear to be a promising group of antifungals for use in treating systemic mycoses in sharks and rays. Conclusions: Based on the findings of this review, it is essential to investigate the pharmacokinetics of the different antifungals in these species in order to provide therapeutic options for fungal infections in cartilaginous fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14010043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T10:53:52Z","timestamp":1703156032000},"page":"43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fungal Diseases in Elasmobranchs and Their Possible Treatment with a Special Mention to Azole Antifungal Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Ca\u00f1izares-Cooz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3335-5831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e1rraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Oceanogr\u00e0fic de la Comunitat Valenciana, C\/Eduardo Primo Y\u00fafera (Cient\u00edfic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Veterinary Services, Oceanogr\u00e0fic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, C\/Eduardo Primo Y\u00fafera (Cient\u00edfic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Pl\u00e1-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Oceanogr\u00e0fic de la Comunitat Valenciana, C\/Eduardo Primo Y\u00fafera (Cient\u00edfic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9926-1152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Rojo-Solis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Services, Oceanogr\u00e0fic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, C\/Eduardo Primo Y\u00fafera (Cient\u00edfic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2985-7257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Encinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0198-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Mor\u00f3n-Elorza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Oceanogr\u00e0fic de la Comunitat Valenciana, C\/Eduardo Primo Y\u00fafera (Cient\u00edfic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"172","article-title":"Sustainable Species Management of the Elasmobranch Populations within European Aquariums: A Conservation Challenge","volume":"5","author":"Janse","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Zoo Aquar. 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