{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:20:26Z","timestamp":1789435226886,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases and Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland","award":["506.513.05.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["506.513.05.00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The breeding of South American Camelids (SACs), particularly llamas and alpacas, is becoming increasingly popular in regions that are not their natural habitat, including Europe. These animals are considered to be relatively disease resistant. However, due to their growing popularity, special attention should be given to infections in llamas and alpacas. Knowledge of bacterial infections is very important to veterinarians and breeders. Many of these diseases also have zoonotic potential, so these animals must be considered as sources of potential zoonotic infections. Due to the limited information on many diseases occurring in llamas and alpacas, veterinarians often rely on data collected in other animal species, focusing on cattle, sheep and horses. This work aims to summarise the knowledge of diseases caused by Clostridium spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Manheimia haemolytica and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in llamas and alpacas, with particular attention to epidemiology, clinical signs and diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14010045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T01:19:42Z","timestamp":1703207982000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A Literature Review of Selected Bacterial Diseases in Alpacas and Llamas\u2014Epidemiology, Clinical Signs and Diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1542-7413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kacper","family":"Konieczny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases and Diagnostics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2220-2730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Pomorska-M\u00f3l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2021.09.007","article-title":"Concurrent clostridial enteritis and oviductal adenocarcinoma with carcinomatosis in an adult alpaca (Vicugna pacos)","volume":"189","author":"Womble","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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