{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T10:11:09Z","timestamp":1776766269602,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]],"date-time":"2023-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heavy metal poisoning poses a challenge in diagnostic practices and environmental safety. This study describes the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects of a chromium (Cr) poisoning outbreak in growing\/finishing pigs housed in pens with bedding of pine wood shavings containing Cr. A visit to the affected farm was conducted. Epidemiological data were collected, and necropsy and histopathological examinations and heavy metal quantifications were performed. Up to 30% of the animals from the affected pens displayed clinical signs 48 h after housing, characterized by apathy, rigid gait, distended abdomen, pain to abdominal palpation, fever, vomiting, and skin cyanosis. The lethality rate reached 76.6%. Main postmortem findings consisted of ulcerative gastritis with perforation of the glandular stomach in all necropsied swine. Heavy metal analysis revealed a higher concentration of Cr in the bedding of the affected pens, along with elevated levels of Cr in the livers of the affected swine. Given that Cr is a known cause of poisoning in humans (with acute oral exposure resulting in corrosive lesions in the gastrointestinal tract), this study marks the first diagnosis of acute oral natural Cr poisoning in animals. This diagnosis was established through the association of epidemiological, pathological, and heavy metal quantification data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14010063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]],"date-time":"2023-12-24T20:48:37Z","timestamp":1703450917000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Acute Oral Chromium Exposure Resulting in Ulcerative Gastritis and Perforated Ulcers in Swine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5186-2880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Felicetti","family":"Perosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Patologia Veterin\u00e1ria, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gon\u00e7alves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3926-9491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anderson Hentz","family":"Gris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Patologia Veterin\u00e1ria, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gon\u00e7alves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1484-2220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manoela Marchezan","family":"Piva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Patologia Veterin\u00e1ria, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gon\u00e7alves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patologia Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1\u2014Setor Palotina (UFPR), Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Palotina 85950-000, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2954-8964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Carlo Olivo","family":"Menegatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Patologia Veterin\u00e1ria, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gon\u00e7alves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5285-7896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claiton Ismael","family":"Schwertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Patologia Veterin\u00e1ria, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gon\u00e7alves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Inata Biol\u00f3gicos, BR-365, KM-615, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38407-180, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1719-9373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"S\u00f4nego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Patologia Veterin\u00e1ria, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gon\u00e7alves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9922-0235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiane Terumi Negrao","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"},{"name":"Antech Diagnostics, West Olympic Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8980-6294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saulo Petinatti","family":"Pavarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Patologia Veterin\u00e1ria, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gon\u00e7alves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3766-0654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Driemeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Patologia Veterin\u00e1ria, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gon\u00e7alves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0798-3594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Welden","family":"Panziera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Patologia Veterin\u00e1ria, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gon\u00e7alves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Greenwood, N.N., and Earnshaw, A. (1998). Chemistry of the Elements, Butterworth Heinemann."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guertin, J., Jacobs, J.A., and Avakian, C.P. (2005). Chromium (VI) Handbook, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203487969"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1136","article-title":"Chromium as an Essential Nutrient for Humans","volume":"26","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-013-0998-3","article-title":"Outline of Occupational Chromium Poisoning in China","volume":"90","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. 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