{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:47:38Z","timestamp":1790876858636,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre, Poland, \u201cPRELUDIUM-20\u201d Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/41\/N\/NZ5\/04384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/N\/NZ5\/04384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uterine diseases stand as the primary cause of infertility in mares; however, the diagnostic process often relies on obtaining endometrial biopsies and their hematoxylin\u2013eosin staining. This review seeks to present the variability of uterine changes and their impact on fertility and underscore the utility of special stains, such as Masson trichrome, picrosirius red, elastica van Gieson, or periodic acid\u2013Schiff, in enhancing diagnostic breadth. Connective tissue evaluation in the cervix is discussed, as it is subjected to cyclic changes and the impact on overall fertility. Vascular changes, particularly prevalent in multiparous mares, play a crucial role in adapting to physiological and pathological alterations, affecting early gestation and impeding placental development. Given that uterine vascular pathologies often involve fibrotic changes, connective tissue stains emerge as a valuable tool in this context. Moreover, equine endometriosis, predominantly associated with endometrial fibrosis, further highlights the relevance of special stains, suggesting their underutilization in the diagnostic process. Recognizing the subjective nature of diagnosing uterine pathologies and the need for additional diagnostic tools, we advocate for using dedicated stains in the histopathological evaluation of uterine samples. In conclusion, we encourage scientists and diagnosticians to embrace additional tools that enhance pathology visualization, enabling more reliable diagnoses concerning expected fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14010156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T03:18:07Z","timestamp":1704251887000},"page":"156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Assessment of Connective Tissue in the Equine Uterus and Cervix: Review of Clinical Impact and Staining Options"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4401-9016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Zdrojkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS\u2013SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2307-8922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Pawli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS\u2013SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Skierbiszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS\u2013SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2906-9944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Jasi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS\u2013SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9436-1074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Domino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS\u2013SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211062207","article-title":"IIB or Not IIB, Part 1: Retrospective Evaluation of Kenney\u2013Doig Categorization of Equine Endometrial Biopsies at a Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Comparison with Published Reports","volume":"34","author":"Westendorf","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.02.028","article-title":"Susceptibility to Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis in the Mare: Relationship to Endometrial Biopsy Score and Age, and Variations between Seasons","volume":"78","author":"Woodward","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6niger, S., and Schoon, H.-A. (2020). The Healthy and Diseased Equine Endometrium: A Review of Morphological Features and Molecular Analyses. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10040625"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1294\/jes.25.45","article-title":"Histopathological Characteristics of Endometrosis in Thoroughbred Mares in Japan: Results from 50 Necropsy Cases","volume":"25","author":"Hanada","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Equine Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.12.013","article-title":"Equine Endometrial Biopsy Reviewed: Observation, Interpretation, and Application of Histopathologic Data","volume":"75","author":"Snider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2015.01.005","article-title":"Microscopic Examination of Endometrial Biopsies of Retired Sports Mares: An Explanation for the Clinically Observed Subfertility?","volume":"99","author":"Kilgenstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(82)90021-5","article-title":"Inbreeding and the Inheritance of Fertility in the Thoroughbred Mare","volume":"9","author":"Mahon","year":"1982","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(99)00143-0","article-title":"Uterine Clearance and Resistance to Persistent Endometritis in the Mare","volume":"52","author":"Troedsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM19970506","article-title":"Die Endometriumbiopsie bei der Stute im klinisch-gyn\u00e4kologischen Kontext","volume":"13","author":"Schoon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/biolreprod\/52.monograph_series1.515","article-title":"Onset and duration of uterine inflammatory response of mares after insemination with fresh semen","volume":"1","author":"Katila","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM19920603","article-title":"Uterusbiopsien als Hilfsmittel f\u00fcr Diagnose und Prognose von Fertilit\u00e4tsst\u00f6rungen der Stute","volume":"8","author":"Schoon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Morrow, D.A. (1986). Current Therapy in Theriogenology, WB Saunders. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"184","article-title":"Chronic Degenerative Endometritis (CDE)(Endometrosis)","volume":"25","author":"Kenney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.03.019","article-title":"The Equine Endometrosis: New Insights into the Pathogenesis","volume":"111","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1998.59.10.1209","article-title":"Morphometric Analysis of Endometrial Periglandular Fibrosis in Mares","volume":"59","author":"Evans","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas, D., Cabezas, J., Ram\u00edrez, G., Saraiva, F., Lleretny, R.-A., and Castro, F.O. (2020). Complimentary Diagnostic Tools for Endometrosis in Biopsies of Mares with Clinical Subfertility. Acta Sci. Vet., 48.","DOI":"10.22456\/1679-9216.98312"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"241","article-title":"Cyclic and Pathologic Changes of the Mare Endometrium as Detected by Biopsy, with a Note on Early Embryonic Death","volume":"172","author":"Kenney","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Oddsd\u00f3ttir, C. (2023, October 30). Development of Endometrial Fibrosis in the Mare: Factors Involved in Tissue Remodelling and Collagen Deposition. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1842\/4218."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.07.008","article-title":"Immunohistochemical and Histochemical Identification of Proteins and Carbohydrates in the Equine Endometrium: Expression Patterns for Mares Suffering from Endometrosis","volume":"71","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasi\u0144ski, T., Zdrojkowski, \u0141., Kautz, E., Juszczuk-Kubiak, E., Ferreira-Dias, G., and Domino, M. (2021). Equine Endometrosis Pathological Features: Are They Dependent on NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway?. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113151"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2023.09.018","article-title":"Distribution of Degenerative Changes in the Equine Endometrium as Observed in a Single versus Two Biopsies","volume":"213","author":"Muderspach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.1995.tb00606.x","article-title":"Endometrosis in Mares: Incidence of Histopathological Alterations","volume":"30","author":"Flores","year":"1995","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alpoim-Moreira, J., Fernandes, C., Rebord\u00e3o, M.R., Costa, A.L., Bliebernicht, M., Nunes, T., Sz\u00f3stek-Mioduchowska, A., Skarzynski, D.J., and Ferreira-Dias, G. (2022). Collagen Type III as a Possible Blood Biomarker of Fibrosis in Equine Endometrium. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12141854"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1170143","article-title":"Cell Proliferation Patterns during Development of the Equine Placenta","volume":"117","author":"Gerstenberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13258","article-title":"Elastase inhibition affects collagen transcription and prostaglandin secretion in mare endometrium during the estrous cycle","volume":"53","author":"Amaral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.09.053","article-title":"Effects on the Equine Endometrium of Cervical Occlusion after Insemination","volume":"85","author":"Reilas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"211","article-title":"Endometrial Biopsies of Old Mares\u2014What to Expect?!","volume":"35","author":"Kabisch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katila, T., and Ferreira-Dias, G. (2022). Evolution of the Concepts of Endometrosis, Post Breeding Endometritis, and Susceptibility of Mares. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12060779"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.10.005","article-title":"Effect of Transforming Growth Factor -\u03921 on \u03b1-Smooth Muscle Actin and Collagen Expression in Equine Endometrial Fibroblasts","volume":"124","author":"Lukasik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20190401","article-title":"Unequal Glandular Differentiation of the Equine Endometrium\u2014A Separate Endometrial Alteration","volume":"35","author":"Bischofberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM19990613","article-title":"\u201cEndometrial maldifferentiation\u201d\u2014A clinically significant diagnosis in equine reproduction?","volume":"15","author":"Schoon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"381","article-title":"Functional disturbances in the endometrium of barren mares: A histological and immunohistological study","volume":"56","author":"Schoon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(95)90004-7","article-title":"Distribution of Cytosolic Oestrogen and Progesterone Receptors in the Genital Tract of the Mare","volume":"59","author":"Re","year":"1995","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Alvarenga, M., and Wade, J.F. (2005). Havemeyer Foundation Monograph Series No. 14, Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Equine Embryo Transfer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4\u20136 August 2004, R & W Communications."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(98)80051-0","article-title":"Incidence and Morphology of Endometrial Angiopathies in Mares in Relationship to Age and Parity","volume":"119","author":"Schoon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM19990610","article-title":"Angioses in the Equine Endometrium-Pathogenesis and Clinical Correlations","volume":"15","author":"Schoon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20030626","article-title":"The Category I Mare (Kenney and Doig)-Expected Foaling Rate 80\u201390%-Fact or Fiction?","volume":"19","author":"Schoon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.06.001","article-title":"Morpho-Functional Studies Regarding the Fertility Prognosis of Mares Suffering from Equine Endometrosis","volume":"76","author":"Lehmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.04.040","article-title":"Equine Endometrial Biopsy: Enhancement of Clinical Value by More Extensive Histopathology and Application of New Diagnostic Techniques?","volume":"68","author":"Schlafer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"230","article-title":"Age-related endometrial alterations in mares-biopsy findings of the last 20 years","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Rackwitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leipziger Blaue Hefte, 7th Leipzig Veterinary Congress, 8th International Conference on Equine Reproductive Medicine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.04.016","article-title":"Effect of Immunomodulatory Therapy on the Endometrial Inflammatory Response to Induced Infectious Endometritis in Susceptible Mares","volume":"78","author":"Christoffersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.03.042","article-title":"Diagnostic Methods to Detect Uterus Illnesses in Mares","volume":"114","author":"Rua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(87)90249-4","article-title":"Investigation of the Representativeness of a Single Endometrial Sample and the Use of Trichrome Staining to Aid in the Detection of Endometrial Fibrosis in the Mare","volume":"28","author":"Blanchard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.02.007","article-title":"Comparison of Cytological and Histological Examinations in Different Locations of the Equine Uterus\u2014An in Vitro Study","volume":"79","author":"Overbeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.7243\/2055-091X-1-5","article-title":"Past, Present and Future: Overview on Histology and Histopathology","volume":"1","author":"Musumeci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"97","article-title":"Collagen and Picrosirius Red Staining: A Polarized Light Assessment of Fibrillar Hue and Spatial Distribution","volume":"22","author":"Rich","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Morphol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21422","article-title":"Should Trichrome Stain Be Used on All Post\u2013Liver Transplant Biopsies with Hepatitis c Virus Infection to Estimate the Fibrosis Score?","volume":"14","author":"Tretheway","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.05.048","article-title":"An in Vitro Study on Spontaneous Myometrial Contractility in the Mare during Estrus and Diestrus","volume":"65","author":"Hirsbrunner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2012.13.2.171","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Equine Endometrosis","volume":"13","author":"Aresu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Skierbiszewska, K., Domino, M., Olszewski, J., Masko, M., Zabielski, R., Matyba, P., Wehrend, A., and Gajewski, Z. (2017, January 24). The content of collagen in the equine cervix during estrus cycle. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the European Society for Domestic Animal Reproduction (ESDAR), Bern, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.05.150","article-title":"Expression of Oestrogen Receptor \u03b1 Is Negatively Correlated With Collagen Density in the Mare\u2019s Cervix","volume":"66","author":"Campbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crociati, M., Capomaccio, S., Mandara, M.T., Stradaioli, G., Sylla, L., Monaci, M., and Cappelli, K. (2019). Different Expression of Defensin-B Gene in the Endometrium of Mares of Different Age during the Breeding Season. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2215-z"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Zdrojkowski, L., Domino, M., Piecuch, A., Wojcicka, A., Olszewski, J., Masko, M., and Gajewski, Z. (2021, January 11\u201316). Histometry of vascular changes in endometrosis and endometritis using Masson\u2019s trichrome staining. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the European Society for Domestic Animal Reproduction (ESDAR), Virtual Congress."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Zdrojkowski, \u0141., Olszewski, J., Domino, M., Masko, M., Trela, M., Pawlinski, B., Matyba, P., and Gajewski, Z. (2019, January 19\u201322). Vascular changes evaluation in equine endometrosis using novel measurement methods in the Masson\u2019s Trichrome (MT) staining. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the European Society for Domestic Animal Reproduction (ESDAR), St. Petersburg, Russia."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Domino, M., Jasi\u0144ski, T., Masko, M., Doma\u0144ska, D., and Zdrojkowski, \u0141. (October, January 28). Activation of hyaluronan synthases in equine endometrium affected by perivascular and degenerative endometrial fibrosis. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the European Society for Domestic Animal Reproduction (ESDAR), Thessaloniki, Greece."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Domino, M., Krajewska, A., Zdrojkowski, \u0141., Olszewski, J., Masko, M., and Gajewski, Z. (2019, January 19\u201322). The quantification of the histological features in equine endometrosis based on the Masson\u2019s Trichrome staining. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the European Society for Domestic Animal Reproduction (ESDAR), St. Petersburg, Russia."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Domino, M., Krajewska, A., Zdrojkowski, \u0141., Sady, M., and Gajewski, Z. (2019, January 18\u201321). The evidence of heterochromatic of endometrial glandular epithelium in a case of equine endometrosis. Proceedings of the Society for the Study of Reproduction (SSR) 52nd Annual Conference, San Jose, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20130307","article-title":"Beta-Defensin Is a Component of the Endometrial Immune Defence in the Mare","volume":"29","author":"Schoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.11.032","article-title":"Effects of Vascular Elastosis on Uterine Blood Flow and Perfusion in Anesthetized Mares","volume":"83","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.11.014","article-title":"Uterine Responses and Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin Concentrations after Two Intrauterine Infusions with Kerosene Post Early Fetal Loss in Mares","volume":"147","author":"Podico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2011.08.003","article-title":"Consequences of Intrauterine Enrofloxacin Infusion on Mare Endometrium","volume":"32","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.12.029","article-title":"Intrauterine Infusion of Killed Semen Adversely Affects Uterine Blood Flow and Endometrial Gene Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines in Mares Susceptible to Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis","volume":"163","author":"Imboden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"325","article-title":"Degenerative Changes in the Endometrial Vasculature of the Mare Detected by Videoendoscopic Examination","volume":"46","author":"Inoue","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Assoc. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1996.tb03771.x","article-title":"Influence of Chronic Degenerative Endometritis (Endometrosis) on Placental Development in the Mare","volume":"28","author":"Bracher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2004.00565.x","article-title":"Histomorphology of the Equine Cervix","volume":"34","author":"Huchzermeyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.09.018","article-title":"Ultrastructural and Histological Characteristics of the Endometrium during Early Embryo Development in Mares","volume":"123","author":"Camozzato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1210581","article-title":"Association of Endometriosis in Horses with Differentiation of Periglandular Myofibroblasts and Changes of Extracellular Matrix Proteins","volume":"121","author":"Walter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Ovalle, W.K., and Nahirney, P.C. (2020). Netter\u2019s Essential Histology, 3rd Edition with Correlated Histopathology, Elsevier. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"39","article-title":"The Use of Modified Masson\u2019s Trichrome Staining in Collagen Evaluation in Wound Healing Study","volume":"3","author":"Suvik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mal. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.12553","article-title":"Comparative Measurement of Collagen Bundle Orientation by Fourier Analysis and Semiquantitative Evaluation: Reliability and Agreement in Masson\u2019s Trichrome, Picrosirius Red and Confocal Microscopy Techniques","volume":"267","author":"Harvat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14684","article-title":"Interobserver Agreement Using Histological Scoring of the Canine Liver","volume":"31","author":"Lidbury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Schilling, A. (2023, October 30). Die Endometriumbiopsie Bei Der Stute-Eine Analyse Der Histologischen Befunde Zwischen 1992\u20132012 Am Leipziger Institut F\u00fcr Veterin\u00e4r-Pathologie. Available online: https:\/\/nbn-resolving.org\/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-224653."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.10.017","article-title":"Uterine Cervix as a Fundamental Part of the Pathogenesis of Pregnancy Loss Associated with Ascending Placentitis in Mares","volume":"145","author":"Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20120108","article-title":"The Equine Cervix","volume":"28","author":"Katila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde Equine Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.2746\/042516407X235812","article-title":"Influence of Breed and Oestrous Cycle on Endometrial Gland Surface Density in the Mare","volume":"39","author":"Lefranc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(84)90412-6","article-title":"Ultrasonic anatomy and pathology of the equine uterus","volume":"21","author":"Ginther","year":"1984","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.06.013","article-title":"Effect of Age and Endometrial Degenerative Changes on Uterine Blood Flow during Early Gestation in Mares","volume":"84","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(97)00016-2","article-title":"Does artificial insemination with chilled, extended semen reduce the antigenic challenge to the mare\u2019s uterus compared with natural service?","volume":"47","author":"Nikolakopoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.06.029","article-title":"The use of dexamethasone administered to mares at breeding time in the modulation of persistent mating induced endometritis","volume":"70","author":"Bucca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00452.x","article-title":"Factors influencing placental development and function in the mare","volume":"41","author":"Wilsher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.09.012","article-title":"Uterine Hemodynamic Patterns, Oxidative Stress, and Chromoendoscopy in Mares with Endometritis","volume":"158","author":"Abdelnaby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14132","article-title":"Endometrial Area of the Blood Flow as a Marker of Endometritis in Equine","volume":"57","author":"Carrasco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(18)30806-4","article-title":"Connective Tissue Biochemistry of the Aging Dermis","volume":"4","author":"Uitto","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1159\/000211663","article-title":"Aging of Connective Tissue and Molecular Transport","volume":"14","author":"Sobel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gerontologia"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Bancroft, J.D., and Layton, C. (2018). Bancroft\u2019s Theory and Practice Histological Techniques E-Book; Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Kiernan, J. (2015). Histological and Histochemical Methods, Scion Publishing. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Zhou, J. (2017). Histochemistry, Walter de Gruyter."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, G.M., Araujo, S.L., Xavier J\u00fanior, F.A.F., de Morais, G.B., de Moraes Silveira, J.A., de Ara\u00fajo Viana, D., and Evangelista, J.S.A.M. (2019). Picrosirius red and masson\u2019s trichrome staining techniques as tools for detection of collagen fibers in the skin of dogs with endocrine dermatopathologies. Ci\u00eancia Anim. Bras., 20.","DOI":"10.1590\/1089-6891v20e-55398"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1369\/00221554211046777","article-title":"Picrosirius Red Staining: Revisiting Its Application to the Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Collagen Type I and Type III in Tendon","volume":"69","author":"Coenen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Courtoy, G.E., Leclercq, I., Froidure, A., Schiano, G., Morelle, J., Devuyst, O., Huaux, F., and Bouzin, C. (2020). Digital Image Analysis of Picrosirius Red Staining: A Robust Method for Multi-Organ Fibrosis Quantification and Characterization. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10111585"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2016.15311","article-title":"Comparison between Giemsa and Van Gieson Stains in Demonstration of Collagen Fibers (Kosti-2016)","volume":"15","author":"Mudasir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Carson, F.L., and Hladik, C. (2009). Histotechnology A Self-Instructional Text, American Society for Clinical Pathology Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.12036","article-title":"The Utility of Elastic Verhoeff-Van Gieson Staining in Dermatopathology","volume":"40","author":"Kazlouskaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Exbrayat, J.-M. (2013). Histochemical and Cytochemical Methods of Visualization, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/b14967"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, P. (2018). Basic and Advanced Laboratory Techniques in Histopathology and Cytology, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-8252-8"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12776","article-title":"A Simple Morphometric Analysis Method for Dermal Microstructure Using Color Thresholding and Moments","volume":"26","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van De Vlekkert, D., Machado, E., and d\u2019Azzo, A. (2020). Analysis of Generalized Fibrosis in Mouse Tissue Sections with Masson\u2019s Trichrome Staining. Bio. Protoc., 10.","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.3629"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813506916","article-title":"Factors Affecting Visibility of a Target Tissue in Histologic Sections","volume":"51","author":"McGavin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.91.1.161","article-title":"Myocardial Fibrosis and Stiffness with Hypertrophy and Heart Failure in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat","volume":"91","author":"Conrad","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3109\/10520297409116929","article-title":"A Simple Methylene Blue-Azure Ii-Basic Fuchsin Stain for Epoxy-Embedded Tissue Sections","volume":"49","author":"Humphrey","year":"1974","journal-title":"Stain Technol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6788-9_5","article-title":"Enzyme Histochemistry for Functional Histology in Invertebrates","volume":"Volume 1560","author":"Pellicciari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Histochemistry of Single Molecules: Methods and Protocols"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfr084","article-title":"New Versatile Staining Reagents for Biological Transmission Electron Microscopy That Substitute for Uranyl Acetate","volume":"60","author":"Nakakoshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electron. Microsc. Tech."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4983.2007.00718.x","article-title":"Removing Gold Coating from Sem Samples","volume":"50","author":"Leslie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1978.tb00093.x","article-title":"High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy in Biology: Artefacts Caused by the Nature and Mode of Application of the Coating Material","volume":"113","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.4236\/abb.2013.44078","article-title":"Collagen Types in Relation to Expression of Estradiol and Progesterone Receptors in Equine Endometrial Fibrosis","volume":"4","author":"Lunelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Biosci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-324-0_28","article-title":"Multiple Antigen Immunostaining Procedures","volume":"588","author":"Krenacs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordell, J. (2022). Developing Monoclonal Antibodies for Immunohistochemistry. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11020243"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2011.10.010","article-title":"Histochemistry as a Tool in Morphological Analysis: A Historical Review","volume":"16","author":"Wick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1179\/his.1996.19.4.321","article-title":"Modified Gomori Trichrome Stain for Macroscopic Tissue Slices","volume":"19","author":"Hinkelman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Histotechnol."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Horobin, R.W. (1982). An Explanatory Outline of Histochemistry and Biophysical Staining, Butterworth-Heinemann."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2535\/ofaj1936.58.4-6_555","article-title":"Properties of Various Staining Solutions for Elastic Fibers-Comparison of Conventional Methods and the Alum Hematoxylin Methods for Staining Elastic Fibers","volume":"58","author":"Akita","year":"1982","journal-title":"Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.159626","article-title":"Comparing the Efficacy of Hematoxylin and Eosin, Periodic Acid Schiff and Fluorescent Periodic Acid Schiff-Acriflavine Techniques for Demonstration of Basement Membrane in Oral Lichen Planus: A Histochemical Study","volume":"60","author":"Pujar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.304","article-title":"Processing Tissue and Cells for Transmission Electron Microscopy in Diagnostic Pathology and Research","volume":"2","author":"Graham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"133","article-title":"A Study of Positive Staining for Electron Microscopy Using Collagen as a Model System\u2014II. Staining by Uranyl Ions","volume":"13","author":"Tzaphlidou","year":"1982","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"324","article-title":"The development of field-emission scanning electron microscopy for imaging biological surfaces","volume":"19","author":"Pawley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scanning"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(92)90108-4","article-title":"Relationships of Age to Uterine Function and Reproductive Efficiency in Mares","volume":"37","author":"Carnevale","year":"1992","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211062866","article-title":"IIB or Not IIB, Part 2: Assessing Inter-Rater and Intra-Rater Repeatability of the Kenney\u2013Doig Scale in Equine Endometrial Biopsy Evaluation","volume":"34","author":"Westendorf","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15938","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42149-3","article-title":"The Potential Role of miRNAs and Regulation of Their Expression in the Development of Mare Endometrial Fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Molcan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Alpoim-Moreira, J. (2023, October 30). Mare Endometrium Fibrosis: Epigenetics and Novel Fibrosis Markers. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10400.5\/27949."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/1\/156\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:38:45Z","timestamp":1760103525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/1\/156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14010156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14010156","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]}}}